Optical Metrology Third Edition 'n0 .#E_ 77V
.["=7 Kjell J. G˚asvik
qos`!=g? Spectra Vision AS, Trondheim, Norway
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<}e3 Preface to the Third Edition xi
JWROYED 1Basics 1
{^5?)/< 1.1 Introduction 1
#]9hTa IR 1.2 Wave Motion. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1
mf fIf1f 1.3 The Plane Wave. Light Rays 3
RW_q~bA9 1.4 Phase Difference 4
pQMtj0(y 1.5 Complex Notation. Complex Amplitude 5
a8$kNtA 1.6 Oblique Incidence of A Plane Wave 5
n -o3 1.7 The Spherical Wave 7
*#y;8 1.8 The Intensity 8
HRB[GP+ 1.9 Geometrical Optics 8
!g>.i` 1.10 The Simple Convex (Positive) Lens 10
0)|Q6*E> 1.11 A Plane-Wave Set-Up 11
8!mc@ $ Z 2 Gaussian Optics 15
jTb-;4 N' 2.1 Introduction 15
{fV}gR2 2.2 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 15
O oSb>Y/4 2.2.1 Examples 19
r[_4Lo @ G 2.3 The General Image-Forming System 19
e8}Ezy"^ 2.4 The Image-Formation Process 21
~9=aT1S| 2.5 Reflection at a Spherical Surface 23
]JE TeZ^/ 2.6 Aspheric Lenses 25
<YFY{VC( 2.7 Stops and Apertures 26
mM/i^zT 2.8 Lens Aberrations. Computer Lens Design 28
aRJcSV 2.9 Imaging and The Lens Formula 29
7\X E,;4> 2.10 Standard Optical Systems 30
K>2 #UzW 2.10.1 Afocal Systems. The Telescope 30
Kmz7c| 2.10.2 The Simple Magnifier 32
FJNF%a)x2I 2.10.3 The Microscope 34
T[? 6[,. 3 Interference 37
ceT&Y{T 3.1 Introduction 37
.>pgU{C`! 3.2 General Description 37
g~S)aU\:, 3.3 Coherence 38
N^w'Hw0 3.4 Interference between two Plane Waves 41
KCuG u} 3.4.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) 45
cK`"lxO 3.5 Interference between other Waves 46
6rN(_Oi- 3.6 Interferometry 49
{g6Qv- 3.6.1 Wavefront Division 50
{/< 6v. v 3.6.2 Amplitude Division 51
fNu'((J- 3.6.3 The Dual-Frequency Michelson Interferometer 54
J* fBZ.NO 3.6.4 Heterodyne (Homodyne) Detection 55
?!VIS>C( 3.7 Spatial and Temporal Coherence 56
Pw0Ci 3.8 Optical Coherence Tomography 61
<3okiV=ox 4 Diffraction 67
=gh`J N6 4.1 Introduction 67
\5)h tL1F 4.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit 67
BxK^?b[E8 4.3 Diffraction from a Grating 70
sZ&G%o 4.3.1 The Grating Equation. Amplitude Transmittance 70
fyWO 4.3.2 The Spatial Frequency Spectrum 73
H ?M/mGP 4.4 Fourier Optics 75
}/P5 >F<H[ 4.5 Optical Filtering 76
,TJ D$^ 4.5.1 Practical Filtering Set-Ups 78
X" fh @. 4.6 Physical Optics Description
6\jf|: h of Image Formation 81
8>WVodv 4.6.1 The Coherent Transfer Function 83
. lgPFr6X 4.6.2 The Incoherent Transfer Function 85
qT :zEt5 4.6.3 The Depth of Focus 88
JRMM? y 4.7 The Phase-Modulated Sinusoidal Grating 89
A"5z6A4WB 5 Light Sources and Detectors 99
z*$q8Z&7rg 5.1 Introduction 99
Q7X3X, 5.2 Radiometry. Photometry 99
K+= +?~ 5.2.1 Lambertian Surface 102
{nT^t Aha 5.2.2 Blackbody Radiator 103
RP5+d 5.2.3 Examples 105
CSPKP#,B0[ 5.3 Incoherent Light Sources 108
6 15s5ZA 5.4 Coherent Light Sources 109
G rmzkNlN 5.4.1 Stimulated Emission 109
xVL5'y1g B 5.4.2 Gas Lasers 112
'})0!g<Y 5.4.3 Liquid Lasers 114
Nc Pgq?3p 5.4.4 Semiconductor Diode Lasers. Light Emitting Diodes 114
C: 8_m1Y{ 5.4.5 Solid-State Lasers 117
2`GE 5.4.6 Other Lasers 119
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