Optical Metrology Third Edition #Lt+6sa]2@ !_z>w6uR
Kjell J. G˚asvik
k#G 7`dJl Spectra Vision AS, Trondheim, Norway
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6#63D>OWp >b P7}T Preface to the Third Edition xi
e$|)wOwU 1Basics 1
!x / Z" 1.1 Introduction 1
+GtGyp 1.2 Wave Motion. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1
gG> ^h1_o~ 1.3 The Plane Wave. Light Rays 3
N28?J Qha 1.4 Phase Difference 4
_@?Jx/`;bk 1.5 Complex Notation. Complex Amplitude 5
yFtf~8s3 1.6 Oblique Incidence of A Plane Wave 5
n& &U9sf? 1.7 The Spherical Wave 7
nk.E q[08 1.8 The Intensity 8
&= O1Qg=K 1.9 Geometrical Optics 8
]* Ki7h |B 1.10 The Simple Convex (Positive) Lens 10
gxtbu $ 1.11 A Plane-Wave Set-Up 11
7n]%`Yb 2 Gaussian Optics 15
l'8wPmy%N 2.1 Introduction 15
JT_B@TO\ 2.2 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 15
~TIZumGB 2.2.1 Examples 19
'U Cx^- 2.3 The General Image-Forming System 19
9 9BK/>R 2.4 The Image-Formation Process 21
"lb!m9F{ 2.5 Reflection at a Spherical Surface 23
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2oo)^ 2.6 Aspheric Lenses 25
VQ}3r)ch 2.7 Stops and Apertures 26
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LJ,w?{ 2.8 Lens Aberrations. Computer Lens Design 28
f=Y9a$.:M 2.9 Imaging and The Lens Formula 29
}r<^]Q*&p 2.10 Standard Optical Systems 30
[`d ipLkr 2.10.1 Afocal Systems. The Telescope 30
q9]L!V 9Rv 2.10.2 The Simple Magnifier 32
m3e4 9 bP 2.10.3 The Microscope 34
nit7|T@^ 3 Interference 37
I"?&X4%e 3.1 Introduction 37
nOzT Hg8 3.2 General Description 37
z3L PR:& Z 3.3 Coherence 38
}f*S 9V 3.4 Interference between two Plane Waves 41
RL 8 wSK 3.4.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) 45
cYS+XBz 3.5 Interference between other Waves 46
o:*iT =l 3.6 Interferometry 49
zwK;6&(W 3.6.1 Wavefront Division 50
,6pH *b $ 3.6.2 Amplitude Division 51
8 z7,W3b 3.6.3 The Dual-Frequency Michelson Interferometer 54
Lwk- 3.6.4 Heterodyne (Homodyne) Detection 55
?"u-@E[m 3.7 Spatial and Temporal Coherence 56
z9w.=[Io 3.8 Optical Coherence Tomography 61
z5w| +9U 4 Diffraction 67
%W@IB8]Vr 4.1 Introduction 67
_ @76eZd 4.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit 67
feHAZ.8rp+ 4.3 Diffraction from a Grating 70
YJsi5 4.3.1 The Grating Equation. Amplitude Transmittance 70
?QVI'R:Z? 4.3.2 The Spatial Frequency Spectrum 73
pSUp"wch 4.4 Fourier Optics 75
#0H[RU? 4.5 Optical Filtering 76
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4.5.1 Practical Filtering Set-Ups 78
z|H>jit+ 4.6 Physical Optics Description
~cw wB{ of Image Formation 81
Z_+No :F7I 4.6.1 The Coherent Transfer Function 83
ywte \} 4.6.2 The Incoherent Transfer Function 85
f
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(DAJ( r~ 4.7 The Phase-Modulated Sinusoidal Grating 89
,BAF?} 04= 5 Light Sources and Detectors 99
Ba~Iy2\x 5.1 Introduction 99
gu& oCT 5.2 Radiometry. Photometry 99
5!*a,$S 5.2.1 Lambertian Surface 102
]aL}&GlHt 5.2.2 Blackbody Radiator 103
h (2k;M^s 5.2.3 Examples 105
0k [6 5.3 Incoherent Light Sources 108
:" ]ei@ 5.4 Coherent Light Sources 109
E~^' w.1 5.4.1 Stimulated Emission 109
3J<,2 5.4.2 Gas Lasers 112
g.s oN qt= 5.4.3 Liquid Lasers 114
(7,Aw f5D~ 5.4.4 Semiconductor Diode Lasers. Light Emitting Diodes 114
bux-t3g7+ 5.4.5 Solid-State Lasers 117
L~~Yh{< 5.4.6 Other Lasers 119
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