Optical Metrology Third Edition
H =^`! f[ ^Aw(o Kjell J. G˚asvik
?vHU # Spectra Vision AS, Trondheim, Norway
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eS m Lf*\G m& ?r%x Preface to the Third Edition xi
X=8{$: 1Basics 1
x6ARz H\ 1.1 Introduction 1
cX OK)g# 1.2 Wave Motion. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1
!V g` 1.3 The Plane Wave. Light Rays 3
)$bS }. 1.4 Phase Difference 4
tlp@?(u 1.5 Complex Notation. Complex Amplitude 5
3 +fp2 1.6 Oblique Incidence of A Plane Wave 5
PJrtM AcKq 1.7 The Spherical Wave 7
g5 QZ0Qkj 1.8 The Intensity 8
_v=SH$O+ 1.9 Geometrical Optics 8
&wE%<"aRAl 1.10 The Simple Convex (Positive) Lens 10
EeRX+BM, 1.11 A Plane-Wave Set-Up 11
YgV81 7OV 2 Gaussian Optics 15
#@~+HC= 2.1 Introduction 15
t#pS{. I 2.2 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 15
dg"3rs /?A 2.2.1 Examples 19
Zt.|oYH$ 2.3 The General Image-Forming System 19
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2.4 The Image-Formation Process 21
{_Rr 6 2.5 Reflection at a Spherical Surface 23
-f> %+< k= 2.6 Aspheric Lenses 25
0 C6-GKbZ 2.7 Stops and Apertures 26
CxG#"{& 2.8 Lens Aberrations. Computer Lens Design 28
% pd ,%pg 2.9 Imaging and The Lens Formula 29
f-n1I^| 2.10 Standard Optical Systems 30
K;z7/[% 2.10.1 Afocal Systems. The Telescope 30
364`IC ( a 2.10.2 The Simple Magnifier 32
| Aw%zw1@ 2.10.3 The Microscope 34
lun\`f 5Q 3 Interference 37
*P2S6z 2 3.1 Introduction 37
$!yW_HTx 3.2 General Description 37
jesGV<`?l 3.3 Coherence 38
^y1j.M@q 3.4 Interference between two Plane Waves 41
#(JNn'fzq 3.4.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) 45
c+$*$|t=v` 3.5 Interference between other Waves 46
j; y#[ | 3.6 Interferometry 49
Vq? p|wy 3.6.1 Wavefront Division 50
?fjuh}Q5h 3.6.2 Amplitude Division 51
q $tUH)0 3.6.3 The Dual-Frequency Michelson Interferometer 54
'*w00 3.6.4 Heterodyne (Homodyne) Detection 55
EYEnN 3.7 Spatial and Temporal Coherence 56
~W+kiTsD? 3.8 Optical Coherence Tomography 61
v+`N*\J_ 4 Diffraction 67
D \s WZ 4.1 Introduction 67
uPG4V 2 4.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit 67
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(m j7oB 4.3 Diffraction from a Grating 70
jWl)cC 4.3.1 The Grating Equation. Amplitude Transmittance 70
DB:+E|vSD 4.3.2 The Spatial Frequency Spectrum 73
S` ;?z 4.4 Fourier Optics 75
Hx*;jpy(2 4.5 Optical Filtering 76
87P>IO 4.5.1 Practical Filtering Set-Ups 78
f[a}aZ9) 4.6 Physical Optics Description
CcFn.omA of Image Formation 81
\LppYXz 4.6.1 The Coherent Transfer Function 83
QQ ~- 4.6.2 The Incoherent Transfer Function 85
6%Pdy$ P 4.6.3 The Depth of Focus 88
HO%wHiv1X 4.7 The Phase-Modulated Sinusoidal Grating 89
[ uq$5u 5 Light Sources and Detectors 99
uv(Sdiir8 5.1 Introduction 99
-~ Mb 5.2 Radiometry. Photometry 99
,:H\E|XeBw 5.2.1 Lambertian Surface 102
7Ka l"Ew 5.2.2 Blackbody Radiator 103
3`.7<f` 5.2.3 Examples 105
S=nzw-(I 5.3 Incoherent Light Sources 108
hKjt'N:~ZY 5.4 Coherent Light Sources 109
Q&g^c2 5.4.1 Stimulated Emission 109
{{MRELipW 5.4.2 Gas Lasers 112
7MHKeLq 5.4.3 Liquid Lasers 114
{( wHPzq 5.4.4 Semiconductor Diode Lasers. Light Emitting Diodes 114
"zRoU$X 5.4.5 Solid-State Lasers 117
RUT,Y4 b 5.4.6 Other Lasers 119
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