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简介 7N&3FER qdg= Imx 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 cj,&&3sbV 18l~4"|fk 模型 n:%'{}Jw U`},)$ 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 C`=`Ce~|d 1aXIhk4 Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 kW*W4{Fth 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. pZNlcB[Qn- C{lB/F/|! 光源 x`&P}4v0 'eTpcrS3 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 *}50q9)/ NpjsZcA /
r`Y'rm 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 74</6T]^ 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 ~8S4Kj)% PDa06(t7 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 _A# x&<c &QHA_+88W 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 pw(*X,gj 6M2i?c 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 lS Kv* 视网膜的散射 NWq [22X
| B%?|br 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 t2U]CI% Amq8q wHDFTIDI 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 UBpM8 /U 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 iKCTYXN1( ff2.|20 omDi<- 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 o
Q!g!xz 脚本 xHR+((
\1c`) 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: i(TDJ@} 1]zyME 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 )r-|T&Sn 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 5<>R dLo 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 m0q`A5!) 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 ;#Bh_f ]((
>i%%~ 分析 p{pzOMi6 azATKH+j 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 ,1.([%z+r j,V$vK P 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 Eo3Aak o 脚本代码 F<'l'AsC- 3qwYicq, Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. K^1O =1gY 26klW:2* Dim entity As T_ENTITY YnL?t-$Gg Dim op As T_OPERATION Bo\dt@0; Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL 5In8VE
!P Dim A As Double `EW_pwZPA Dim pupilDiam As Double !B38!
L Dim eID As Long -X[8 soz Dim parID As Long s%?p%2&RA Dim count As Integer frO/
nx|9 Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double "rlSK >` Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double u:>3j,Cs Dim curv As Double, conic As Double Ydd>A\v\; Dim ok As Long 7&S|y]$~ ?@ye*%w_ Sub Main !-}*jm p< 7Mbt*[n '用户输入对话框 XIW:Nk!S Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 OU964vv TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 sV4tu(~ Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 g(F*Y>hk OKButton 40,91,90,21 f0'Wq^^ CancelButton 190,91,90,21 H\>I&gC' Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 B0SmE_u_N TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 8$xKg3-3M End Dialog hx;kEJ Dim dlg As UserDialog h[)aRo &!EYT0=>p ok = Dialog (dlg) m.g@S30 w0`L)f5v If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed NqfDY
Print "Execution cancelled." 9%k.GE
End ;77o%J'l End If T7_ SO,X uM6!RR!~ 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty COJ!b If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then 10C91/ A = 0 'Default accommodation .*ovIU8 Else r4>I?lD A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) wLp
t2b8S End If 9@a;1Wr/f P+|8MT0 If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then %YAiSSsV pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter -"tgEC\tD Else NB#*`|qt pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) a~TZ9yg+HL End If =}KbE4D+8 %{_
YJXpO Print " " r/<JY5 Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" 6OW-Dif^AG Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" T@WMT,J6j {mitF ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation #C7j|9Ew1] taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 0e](N` !27]1%Aw Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens diL l>z CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens k0uwG'(z9 w[G_ w:$a Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens meD (ja CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens ! HC<aWb TAoR6aE tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness 9o'6es..@Z ,#O8:s nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction E\N=p&g$ ck+rOGv7{Z 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation [LDzR7vnf lM%fgyX '************************************************************************* ghj~r 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) .u?$h0u5 '************************************************************************* GP'Y!cl eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 5z>\'a1U GetCustomElement eID, entity I@M^Wu]wW 04d$_1:}a parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) cN>i3}fq e.^9&Fk"N ' Delete any shift(s) in z k4rBS count = 0 ,e_# While GetOperationCount(eID)>count wO%:WL$5 GetOperation eID, count, op p00AcUTq If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then `{_PSzM DeleteOperation eID,count +N@F,3yNa count=count-1 VrxH6 Y End If 0Wm-`ZA count=count+1 ybO,~TQ Wend d vxEXy ~`H<sJ?9 'Set new shift in (*BW/.Fq op.Type = "ShiftZ" -=IM8Dny op.val1 = taq n82Q.M-H op.parent = parID *)I1gR~ AddOperation eID, op LL
[>Uu?Y Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 _AbEQ\P{ $'*BS '************************************************************************* LS;anNk@.} 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens ii9/ UtIQ '************************************************************************* FM[To eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) s+- aHn GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic RkwY3s" o |iLBh$) SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant 7k|(5P; Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant $twF93u$ efR$s{n! '************************************************************************* /)TEx}wk 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens 7`!( 8 '************************************************************************* k;7.qhe: eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) ~\,6C1M GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic 1}*; {Z.@-Tl_ SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost Am4(WXVQ Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost 1bkUT_ hh&y2#Io '************************************************************************* nDy=ZsK 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 7!;/w;C '************************************************************************* Ao$z)<d' ^mQfXfuL parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) /vu!5?S qV,j)b3M ' Delete any z-shift(s) He3zV\X[Z count = 0 pSFWNWQ'B While GetOperationCount(eID)>count f*Js= hvO GetOperation eID, count, op v19`7qgR( If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then F9w&!yW: DeleteOperation eID,count t@M] ec count=count-1 uD5yw#` End If 1A-EP@# J count=count+1 _xt(II Wend x$DJ &S]v+wF 'Set new z-shift *`T&Dlt'8 op.Type = "ShiftZ" 8 GN{*Hg op.val1 = tlens Ya 4$7|( op.parent = parID sb.SpF>
AddOperation eID, op )W|jt/ Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens [)n}!5fE oW6<7>1M7 '************************************************************************* _B FX5ifK 'Lens index of refraction Dj(7'jT '************************************************************************* .
*xq = eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) 3HR]T Q%r GetModelMaterial eID, mat *!@x<Hf< |LH*)GrD*t mat.Nd = nlens Ct+% SetModelMaterial eID, mat [S+-ovl Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens uiA:(2AQ $uynW3h '************************************************************************* ^I?y\:. 'Pupil diameter X{9o8
*V '************************************************************************* !5!$h`g eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) 1:UC\ WW F:GKnbY 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) \zL7j4 I.1l SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" v=-3 ,C 9Ib(x0_ ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens
w{EU9C parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) N~_jiVD> eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) 1[9j`~[([ count = 0 /,$\H While GetOperationCount(eID)>count uA`PZ| GetOperation eID, count, op 6 <S&~q If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then %v:h]TA DeleteOperation eID,count ^ZWFj?`\UV count=count-1 )0MshgM End If chzR4"WZFt count=count+1 {bqKb=nyZ Wend Go7hDmu op.Type = "ShiftZ" <dPxy`_ op.val1 = taq-0.01 )'`AX\ op.parent = parID C?|3\@7 AddOperation eID, op Ltd?#HP L#q9_-(# Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam utJVuJw:t NVWeJ+w 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description #ic 2ofI eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) (ul-J4E\O GetEntity eID, entity \OT)KVwO entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" [Fj+p4*N SetEntity eID, entity G5y Cy:`pYxhd Update B00wcYM<1r Print "DONE!" `G0rF\[ &dDI*v+ End Sub 7 P^{*! (,c?}TP 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: ^WW|AS ~.9o{?pbG Accommodation = 4 Diopters b\j&!_
Pupil Diameter = 4 mm %g@3S!lK Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 s_Oh >y?Aq Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 3]OP9!\6 Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 tDHHQ Set lens thickness = 3.927 4S0++Hp4 Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 L[Yp\[#-q Set pupil diameter = 4 p6y0W`U DONE! mQ60@_"Y=, oT (:33$ 6 #x)W QQ:2987619807 }-q`&1!t
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