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简介 pa3{8x{9m n'LrQU 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。
gPO}d !;{7-~ 模型 @n /nH?L tw/dD + 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 P|E| $)m `UaD6Mc<Mz Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 f~R(D0@ 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. 2MIi=c:oqK Gj?t_Zln 光源 7Q9 w?y~c 7S:\"A7 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 P3=G1=47U t%)7t9j |SSSH
图1. 光源和提示信息使用 d&Zpkbh" 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 lfgq=8d .2t4tb(SUw 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 8kIksy GL}]y -f 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 3;9^ O8r|8]o 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 ^uc=f2=>, 视网膜的散射 eM6<%?b SKN`2[ahD 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 ^z*t%<@[Q Dx?,=~W9 n( yn< 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 Nh|uO?&C6 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 uH^-R_tQ CK@@HSm}l eo?bL$A[s 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 *?vCC+c 脚本 O0v}43J[ .~;\eW [ 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: 9.-S(ZO ;[DU%f 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 !f[_+CD 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 'IQ0{&EI 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 /{_:{G!Q0 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 hn@08t G "(O>=F& 分析 /,yd+wcW# Dz/ "M= 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 7n<{tM J/$&NWF 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 7JH6A'& 脚本代码 _V6ukd"B~ C,r;VyW6BI Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. k4;7<j$ir $6 f3F?y7 Dim entity As T_ENTITY [z{1*Xc Dim op As T_OPERATION tyFzSrfc Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL XpHrt XD Dim A As Double #;yZ Dim pupilDiam As Double wi=v}R_ Dim eID As Long gwMNYMI Dim parID As Long P=
NDS2 Dim count As Integer lL3U8}vn Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double bY:x8fl Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double m:2^=l4 Dim curv As Double, conic As Double u*`GiZAO Dim ok As Long )ez9"# MH' >y3=| Sub Main 0GeTSFj kl:Bfs)b '用户输入对话框 gM:".Ee Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 ~c `l@: TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 zrb}_ Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 NBGH_6DROw OKButton 40,91,90,21 Wne@<+mX CancelButton 190,91,90,21 6i/(5 nQ Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 }|=|s f TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 |CyE5i0 End Dialog sPIn|d Dim dlg As UserDialog a:w#s}bL @o`AmC.
8 ok = Dialog (dlg) =Xr.'(U 9%9#_?RW If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed ?Ir:g=RP* Print "Execution cancelled." WNtW|IV End dy[X3jQB End If -iZ`Y? 8":Q)9;% 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty D0f] $ If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then ;2QP7PrSY A = 0 'Default accommodation w}L[u
r;I_ Else es7=%!0 A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) @r1_U,0e End If ?:0Jav ef4 i:. If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then Z%UP6% pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter >A"(KSNL Else G3T]`Atf pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) Q~9^{sHZjP End If ]`WJOx4 QMm%@zH Print " " ;O,jUiQ Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" %W S+(0*1 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" @H8EWTZ I&5!=kR ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation vl)l' taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness *oix 6 w0unS`\4 Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens 9Mcae31 CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens lyhiFkO
iH WNc0W>*NE1 Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens a 1*p*dM# CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens oXgcc*j xT2PyI_: tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness uyx 2;f [Ch.cE_ nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction G3v5KmT 2
yz _ 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation [2cD:JL mX|ojZ '************************************************************************* Flb&B1 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) c&Q$L } '************************************************************************* I%Z eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) O#r%>;3* GetCustomElement eID, entity <OPArht 08{@rOr parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) cB&:z)i4 ddR>7d}N ' Delete any shift(s) in z ybUaTD@?}b count = 0 u]@['7 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count &cTU
sK GetOperation eID, count, op kG*~|ma If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then +"@ .8m DeleteOperation eID,count R G`1en count=count-1 FN73+-:n:j End If @KAI4LP count=count+1 ?
=+WRjF Wend 9nbLg5P T[j,UkgGo 'Set new shift in #$y?v%^ op.Type = "ShiftZ" ehY5!D1Q op.val1 = taq vfo~27T{( op.parent = parID ?z
u8)U AddOperation eID, op Z%\,w(o[h Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 A5w6]: f2 a.6(K '************************************************************************* v.5+7,4 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens `9.r`&T6K '************************************************************************* PFK
'$ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) T]p-0?=4vv GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic ;A!BVq ete.!*= SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant #3d(M Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant >&k-'`Nw pD]OT-8 '************************************************************************* -Y;3I00( 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens L j$;:/G '************************************************************************* `y* }lg T eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) :eLVC7' GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic &jr3B;g!C `@|$,2[C SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost s"?3]P Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost 9~YMyg(Z >yh2Lri '************************************************************************* b<u3 hln%, 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) WOf 4o '************************************************************************* C{wEzM: N)>ID(}F1 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) }4S6Xe vVcob}ZH ' Delete any z-shift(s) uRe'%?W count = 0 k-""_WJ~^ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count Pr,q*_Yy GetOperation eID, count, op NW)1#]gg% If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 3DG_QVg^v DeleteOperation eID,count ^y4Z+Gu[ count=count-1 S#[j )U- End If 5nVt[Puw count=count+1 /JU.?M35 Wend ]jRfH(i ?b5^ 'Set new z-shift c_l"I9M#r op.Type = "ShiftZ" {cw /!B op.val1 = tlens EAby?51+ op.parent = parID f'3$9x AddOperation eID, op _n\GNUA Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens ?@
$r hwNf~3eJk '************************************************************************* Q.c\/& 'Lens index of refraction @!d{bQd, '************************************************************************* J!7MZLb eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) 9k[9P;"F: GetModelMaterial eID, mat !_Z&a 5.J.RE"M mat.Nd = nlens -;k+GrLr^ SetModelMaterial eID, mat 2T[9f;jM' Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens t5IEQ2 SOvF[,+ '************************************************************************* Yp2e Bgo" 'Pupil diameter Nu~lsWyRI5 '************************************************************************* 8|58 H eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) VTHH&$ZNq j^2j&Ta 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) 2gVm9gAHUd H~z`]5CN SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" I[X772K 3%=~)7cF ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens {U !g.rh parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) Tc3yS(aq eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) Z>#i** count = 0 LvYB7<zk> While GetOperationCount(eID)>count b9dLt6d GetOperation eID, count, op ^@NU}S):yN If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then V,N%;iB} DeleteOperation eID,count ! #2{hQRu count=count-1 Y% 5eZ=z End If 4)o count=count+1 0h7r&t%YsV Wend SGlNKA},A op.Type = "ShiftZ" vd4ytC op.val1 = taq-0.01 l_%6 op.parent = parID 0>Z_*U~6 AddOperation eID, op %vi<Aseg nwCrZW Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam 4d;8`66O 8E]F$.6U 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description WX6&oy> eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) kt$jm)UI~l GetEntity eID, entity 0v$~90) entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D"
c=.(!qdH SetEntity eID, entity e'b(gD} #$qTFN Update <B8!.|19 Print "DONE!" AbmAKA@ pBA7,z"`mP End Sub ;q6Ki.D ,{?%m6.lE 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: h2;F
zi`o#+ Accommodation = 4 Diopters fMyti$1~ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm -5QZJF2~ Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 S\!ana]) Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 ;cN{a& Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 I83<r 9 Set lens thickness = 3.927 r<Kx0`y Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 \&gB)czEO Set pupil diameter = 4 j^rIH#V DONE! i9][N5\$ w%BL 161xAig QQ:2987619807 xbYi.
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