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简介 2h51zG#qd 7JQ4*RM 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 ~<VxtcEBz c8uw_6#r(D 模型 E#rQJ #n|5ng|CJ 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 }O@>:?U *aCVkFp Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 ^" ?a)KC 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. e3CFW_p eu$VKLY* 光源 ~$T>,^K
y ,(x`zpp _ 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 <H60rON ^il$t]X5- mp$IhJ6# 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 |f$+|9Q? 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 =Vs?=|r V>)/z|[ 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 #`|Nm3b }WC[<AqI 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 *'8q?R?7g v\?J=|S+ 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 IW<rmP=R& 视网膜的散射 A)n_ST0 A~vx,|I 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 Qv~@ U~ a\v8l~ vPYHM2 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 p! :oT1U 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 !|4]V}JQ
+\_\53 d"-I^|[OM 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 7 "'PfP4c 脚本 >Df;1:U zx\-He 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: `H:`JBe=+[ ;AOLbmb)H4 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 (n B[aM 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 8493Sw 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 ,iao56`E 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 +jB; !zOj`lx 分析 [#@lsI X5.9~ 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 w#A\(z%;x 7M~ /
q. 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 MFa/%O_* 脚本代码 )Hin{~h ~3gazTe9 Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. /"La@M37 qdpi-*2 Dim entity As T_ENTITY c$ib- Dim op As T_OPERATION &)Qq%\EP4 Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL =Y|( }92 Dim A As Double {u
y^Bui} Dim pupilDiam As Double PA
ZjA0d Dim eID As Long 9rz$c, Y( Dim parID As Long jcj8w Dim count As Integer n!Y_SPg
Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double <\$"U5"` Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double $[`rY D/. Dim curv As Double, conic As Double -DHzBq=H Dim ok As Long fTR6]i; aG;F=e Sub Main pEcYfj3M *8,W$pe3 '用户输入对话框 P]^OSPRg Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 GNM>hQ)h: TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 |k}L=oWE Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 |0}Xb|+ OKButton 40,91,90,21 Ot47.z CancelButton 190,91,90,21 r@r*|50 Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 Z_bVCe{ TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 0^V<,CAV End Dialog :t`W&z41 Dim dlg As UserDialog I>nYI|o1 P,m+^, ok = Dialog (dlg) 7)<Ib
j<M -7w}+iS If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed K:<Viz Print "Execution cancelled." Jy}~ZY End 9[VYd ' End If IxUj(l1Fm {G vGV 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty iT{4-j7|P4 If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then c3l(,5DtH A = 0 'Default accommodation m4OnRZYlw Else dpS@: A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) WG A&Lr End If {9Qc\Ij bf.+Ewb( If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then /f?;,CyI pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter jEQ_#KKYJ Else f@ |[pT pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) d!T,fz/-. End If T2]8w1l&K w{T$3F`@9 Print " " J&'*N:d Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" w)S 4Xi= Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" ~28{BY ->51t ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation Ji,;ri2i taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness Xp<O ]7k:3"wH Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens JE:LA+ ( CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens {~51h}>b# [-l>fP0 Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens $~:ZzZO CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens ^pe/~ :a S"Vr+x? tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness :,p3&2I :
^}!"4{ nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction @ ^F{
{}'Jr1 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation mp sX4 9(HGe+R4o '************************************************************************* 6@#=z 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) 4IW90"uc '************************************************************************* R6 ej eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ts[8;<YD GetCustomElement eID, entity }T}c%p {-7ovH? parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) T7ShE-X _+)OL- ' Delete any shift(s) in z ?$A)lWk( count = 0 M-Vz$D/aed While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ;6 d-+(@ GetOperation eID, count, op x%$6l If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ^=-25%&^ DeleteOperation eID,count 7mi=Xa:U count=count-1 p[WlcbBwT End If D.7cWR`Wp count=count+1 I31Nu{ Wend }3Ke &~.|9P/45 'Set new shift in dQH8s op.Type = "ShiftZ" q2B'R op.val1 = taq c+ZdfdR op.parent = parID T^d<vH AddOperation eID, op Wn;%B].I Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 SI6?b1;-:F /P[u vO '************************************************************************* \[]BB5)8 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens ;H%'K '************************************************************************* &u"mFweS eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) F@t\D? GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic =Ldf#8J %T<c8w}dP SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant 3\ )bg
R: Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant P&c O2 HWou&<EK '************************************************************************* P%[{ 'u 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens ;/23CFYM '************************************************************************* _8`S&[E? eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) 60|m3|0o GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic rwwyYIlEg g
p|G q SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost hQzT
=0 Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost H,/=<Th;i
0lqh;/ '************************************************************************* ;6]ag< Q 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) )99^58my '************************************************************************* <dS I"C< )!zg=}V parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ?gK|R A5}N[|z ' Delete any z-shift(s) ow,! 7|m count = 0 DvI^3 iG8 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count M>BVnB_,- GetOperation eID, count, op .ArOZ{lKD> If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then Ho%%voJBS DeleteOperation eID,count WT 5 2 count=count-1 [e|9%[.V End If *gwo.s count=count+1 &u2m6 r>W Wend Fkqw#s(T 'OhGSs| 'Set new z-shift >^@~}]L op.Type = "ShiftZ" !a%_A^t7 op.val1 = tlens lH,/N4r*& op.parent = parID bI;u};v AddOperation eID, op gZz5P>^ Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens T%PUV \LV }&l%>P '************************************************************************* /I`- 'Lens index of refraction >#;>6q9_ '************************************************************************* K9RRY,JB eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) 7;#o?6!7 GetModelMaterial eID, mat zb!RfQ, ,}^;q58 mat.Nd = nlens (
~>-6Nb 5 SetModelMaterial eID, mat 5S! !@P!, Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens +=kz".$ ]*rK; '************************************************************************* )Ee`11 'Pupil diameter F'@[b
'************************************************************************* N71%l eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) S;!7/z SmP&wNHQf 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) 2;SiH]HNS 8(:O5# SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" ]PH'G>x ge&!GO ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens UtB~joaR parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) CY@#_z eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) Is (
Ji count = 0 R36A_ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count .Ax]SNZ+:A GetOperation eID, count, op R8,
g^N If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then u>03l(X6f DeleteOperation eID,count W_]onq6 count=count-1 n8) eC2A End If eyByAT~W, count=count+1 H$3:Ra+ S Wend F^wm&:%{` op.Type = "ShiftZ" a7fn{VU8 op.val1 = taq-0.01 $viZ[Lu!m op.parent = parID _GL:4 AddOperation eID, op =|3*Y0 JjH141 n%D Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam Fau24-g yt`K^07@ 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description mv`ND& eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) vSJ#
}& GetEntity eID, entity >yt8gw0J entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" jH2_Ekgc;_ SetEntity eID, entity f2M}N {=T9_c Update ff2`4_,| Print "DONE!" )#025>$z mA\}zLw+r9 End Sub ?Lquf&`vP z7O$o/E-* 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: B d?{ldg iq`caoi Accommodation = 4 Diopters ys}I~MK - Pupil Diameter = 4 mm 6tBe,'* Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 N?mQ50o~C Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 yH',vC. Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 p) m0\ Set lens thickness = 3.927 /qPhptV Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 y9Q.TL>=[ Set pupil diameter = 4 t$ 3/ZTx DONE! M:.0]'[s5 )SWLX\b iiTt{ab\Y QQ:2987619807 Y/,Cy0!
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