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简介 %G(VYCeK -_9*BvS]R 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 OH>Gc-V ;V~x[J|x 模型 u^SInanw A\S=>[ar- 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 VM5'd R(0[bMr3Q Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 \1<aBgKi 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. jjH2!R]^> fPTLPcPP 光源 wclj9&k 2|?U%YrHWs 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 N}/V2K]Q +vJ}'uR3P &zgliT!If 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 lmcgOTT): 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 ,k.") ASEKP(]v 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 ZL0Vx6Ph E2}X[EoBF 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 =W')jKe0 *?Wz/OJ0 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 KU"+i8" 视网膜的散射 gcwJ{& :KC]1_zqR 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 p5rq>&" /kr|}`#
Z m~=VUhPd 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 %ho?KU2j 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 N4qBCBr( _T.`+0UV *eXs7 "H 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 Edc3YSg%; 脚本 lrkgsv6 /AX)n:, 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: (5`(H.( g'k m*EV 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 SefF Ci%4 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 ~)pZ5%C 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 9`qw,X&AK_ 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 BJHWx,v lhE]KdE3 分析 i\
7JQZ ' p!&&.% 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 qldm"Ul pdN8hJ 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 7a_u=\, 脚本代码 +#>nOn(B !}mM"|< Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. $&,
KZ> +`S_Gy Dim entity As T_ENTITY `:ZaT('h Dim op As T_OPERATION EN^L.q9# Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL o6x8jz Dim A As Double w"kBAi& Dim pupilDiam As Double Zl#';~9W Dim eID As Long
`|nJAW3 Dim parID As Long ~_CZ1 Dim count As Integer j/wQ2"@a Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double \
D>!& Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double Rbgy?8#9 Dim curv As Double, conic As Double &-IkM%_A9 Dim ok As Long /i!/)]*- Y*jkUQ Sub Main I+Qt5Ox jv29,46K '用户输入对话框 /55 3v;l< Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 (3x2^M8 TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 AKLFUk Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 o<s~455m/ OKButton 40,91,90,21 .db:mSrL CancelButton 190,91,90,21 1,P2}mYv Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 6m(+X
MS TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 {^:i}4ZRl End Dialog DM)Re~* Dim dlg As UserDialog j}}as MnY}U",
ok = Dialog (dlg) G!F_Q7|- ?6\A$? If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed ? R[GSS1 Print "Execution cancelled." sx[mbKj< End 0LHge7482 End If $ JCOL Ln h'y`q 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty cE,,9M@^ If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then
@[$q1Nm A = 0 'Default accommodation >Zm|R|{BE Else CF_2ez1u0y A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) Z2]\k|%<Fa End If f0{tBD!% 4kNSF If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then i94)DWZ^ pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter 8Sf}z@~] Else ,I f9w$(z pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) \S?;5LacZ End If cn_KHz= J<iiA:&J Print " " |' kC9H[> Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" Jj1lAg0 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" riglEA[^ I'R|B\ ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation srU*1jD) taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness `g}en%5b\ ]4_)WUS.c Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens 8;,(D#p CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens w^ 8^0i- 2:^ Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens cn$0^7? CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens h4>q~&Pd bXWodOSN tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness LtDGu})1 .uo:fxbd2 nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction <qx qlEQT S)@) @3 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation EhIa31>X {*qz<U> '************************************************************************* l\=He 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) Zdu8axK: '************************************************************************* o2riy'~ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) JZrZDW>M GetCustomElement eID, entity d
a.6Z!a c~Z\|Y`#B parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) rx(z:: B}ASZYpW> ' Delete any shift(s) in z NK(; -~{P count = 0 N07FU\<9 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count 1d~cR GetOperation eID, count, op
sCRmLUD If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 0p \,}t\E DeleteOperation eID,count :P\RiaZAT count=count-1 JsQmn<Yt End If |Z{
DU(?[b count=count+1 @arMg2"o Wend vqBT^Q_q; D5fhOq+g 'Set new shift in %VzCeS9 op.Type = "ShiftZ" \kksZ4, op.val1 = taq cvv(OkC op.parent = parID m"8Gh`Fo AddOperation eID, op E\=23[0 Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 9|LV
x3] !PY.FnZ '************************************************************************* Ru^j~Cj5 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens }^3ICwzm '************************************************************************* iN@+,]Yjl eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) w}QU;rl8q GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic ;Quk%6;[N CXiSin SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant /M8&` Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant x[H9<&)D _,9/g^< '************************************************************************* 5"&{Egc_ 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens Wfyap)y '************************************************************************* 3eS
*U`_ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) n g?kl|VG GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic niP/i \ HZ]=B#0 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost qHQ#^jH Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost /\1MG>#K vL:tuEE3 '************************************************************************* LTc=D 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) zkRL'-
'************************************************************************* X`FFI6pb O
E56J-*}x parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ~$3X>?Q DU%j;`3 ' Delete any z-shift(s) 8g CQ0w< count = 0 %o9;jX While GetOperationCount(eID)>count Yhkn(k2 GetOperation eID, count, op jI9Kn41 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ir*T,O
2J DeleteOperation eID,count qdeS*rp\ count=count-1 w-.=u3 End If DsP FBq count=count+1 6~j.S
" Wend K1K3s<y+ O*7Gl G 'Set new z-shift 3d|n\!1r op.Type = "ShiftZ" zS##YR op.val1 = tlens OAiip, op.parent = parID zg=F;^oZ< AddOperation eID, op :{Crc Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens tu6Q7CjW8 z rV '************************************************************************* gqf*;Z eU 'Lens index of refraction |
Djgm7$* '************************************************************************* 9e|]H+y eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) ^KK6 d GetModelMaterial eID, mat ^SouA[ .(8sa8{N mat.Nd = nlens 5-ju5z?= SetModelMaterial eID, mat $`&uu Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens C4jqT &_EjP
hZ '************************************************************************* f;;(Q-. 'Pupil diameter Ux Yb[Nbc '************************************************************************* .l->O-= eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) Q'~2,%3< IW.~I,!x 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) )`ZTu -| clZjb SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" u-a* fT )NwIEk>Tf ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens <d\Lvo[ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 9aE!!
(E eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) ^=nJ,-(h_ count = 0 OBY While GetOperationCount(eID)>count tDl1UX GetOperation eID, count, op iJza zQ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then C>vp
oCA DeleteOperation eID,count ]oN:MS4r count=count-1 ad1%"~1 End If +([
iCL count=count+1 Er6'Ig|U Wend 1{sf Dw[s op.Type = "ShiftZ" 8tM40/U$ op.val1 = taq-0.01 S;vE% op.parent = parID cj:!uhZp7 AddOperation eID, op 52$7vYMto + a%Vp!y Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam (P-Bmu!s 0~{& 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description HY,+;tf2r eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) j#TtY|Po GetEntity eID, entity .CClc(bO_/ entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" {o?+T);Z SetEntity eID, entity ]8|cVGMa H
h4G3h0 Update |(E.Sb Print "DONE!" 6O^'J~wiI \@6nRs8b|N End Sub 3%<Uq%pJ KrhAObK 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: cC_L4 tH_e?6] Accommodation = 4 Diopters @?A39G{ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm NM0[yh Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 (LW4z8e# Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 *uAsKU Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 BTXS+mvl Set lens thickness = 3.927 %E95R8SL Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 KKR@u(+"a Set pupil diameter = 4 nwk66o:| DONE! AHq;6cG }*{@-v|_R 18|i{fE; QQ:2987619807 "x.|'
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