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简介 L#?mPF
nq,:UYNJ 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 .}GOHW)} TS`m&N{i") 模型 ._]*Y`5)d p1[|5r5Day 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 HWIn.ij guVuO Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 1Vkb}A,' 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. )gz]F_ >(_2'c*[w 光源 qu.AJ* /oZvm 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 g##<d(e!} JC`;hY KSJ+3_7]k 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 gil:SUW1r 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 /l$fQ:l ;s #I b_ 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 )Y&B63]B k%8kt4\wn6 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 ]yQqx* 2kOaKH[(q 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 KYy oN 视网膜的散射 I]HLWF c_,pd 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 W6`_lGTj $2Awp@j Bp5%&T k 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 Lp3pJE
注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 P9R-41! QCG-CzJ9l Q"Exmn3p 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 JvEW0-B^l, 脚本 9=FH2|Z 4=%,0.yt 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: -GCU6U| $m-C6xC/ 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 (#x&Y#5 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 BpGyjoJ2 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 \ KsKb0sM 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 _v8u% 3''Uxlo\ 分析 xOr"3;^ gK"(;Jih$ 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 eL'fJcjw< Ted tmX$ 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 Pf;RJeD 脚本代码 /cVZ/" yRDtPK"E- Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. zo8&(XS mwn$ey&QE Dim entity As T_ENTITY e|>@ >F]K Dim op As T_OPERATION +;)Xu}
Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL
1D2RhM% Dim A As Double *v: .]_; Dim pupilDiam As Double P(o>UDy Dim eID As Long 0+)1KU)I Dim parID As Long DjiI*HLNR Dim count As Integer "uj@!SEs`? Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double oA:`=f%\ Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double FW)~e*@8= Dim curv As Double, conic As Double In;P33'p Dim ok As Long l)~$/#k a1ps'^Qhh Sub Main (WP^}V5 {iCX?Sb '用户输入对话框 0W_u"UY$c Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 =s*4y$%I TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 W6r3v)~ Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 5|`./+Ghk OKButton 40,91,90,21 sHV?njZd CancelButton 190,91,90,21 Eg2SC? 5 Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 }7K~- TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 D{qr N6g# End Dialog Zlt,Us` Dim dlg As UserDialog jK%Lewq meXwmO ok = Dialog (dlg) sPl3JP&s >5TXLOYZ If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed
YN7OQqa Print "Execution cancelled." d/ @P;YN! End %h;1}SFl0 End If
9l |*E f)V6VNW.3 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty }AiF 7N0 If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then k'sPA_| A = 0 'Default accommodation .$Yp~ Else I47sq z7 A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) ytb1h Fs End If 9+8N-LZ Uc
; S@ If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then OHnsfXO_V pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter ,g3n/'rP% Else E8wkqZN pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) w4&\-S# End If SLH;iqPT 1zCgPiAem Print " " 0Pt%(^ Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" <^W5UU#Pg Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" A6E~GJa 0HQTe>! ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation 7h:EU7 taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness u@`y/,PX !kH 1| Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens jfam/LL{V CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens .ezZ+@LI+# \J;]g\&I" Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens m%.[|sZ3EM CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens d69dC*> o,?h}@ tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness }D3hP|.X 9A|9:OdG1 nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction K!2%8Ej,J wS
>S\,LV 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation sv#b5,>9 *_HF %JYMZ '************************************************************************* ZXIz.GFy+ 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) TQ%F\@" '************************************************************************* t8.3 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) |1e//* GetCustomElement eID, entity k@gQY _ 2p58_^l parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) $U)nrni ]mC5Z6,1s ' Delete any shift(s) in z 6.[3N~pq count = 0 vWL|vR While GetOperationCount(eID)>count [8Z
!dj GetOperation eID, count, op am7~ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then Y'#uZA3KA DeleteOperation eID,count e nw*[D ! count=count-1 _NpxV'E End If Q]$pg 5O count=count+1 ep*8*GmP Wend s3K!~v\L] 58eO|c( 'Set new shift in 1xO-tIp/ op.Type = "ShiftZ" .S* sGauM op.val1 = taq c'5ls7?}O{ op.parent = parID {.e^1qE AddOperation eID, op PY&mLux% Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 d b*J vY,D02EMw '************************************************************************* 6fCHd10! 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens $e{}SQ;fW '************************************************************************* +jKu^f6 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) F6>oGmLy GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic VssWtL _g'x=VJF SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant 2h)Qz+|7 Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant ktp<o.f[ Q-1Xgw! '************************************************************************* bU/YU0ZIT 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens )l`VE_(| '************************************************************************* -MFePpUt eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) ~mv5{C GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic /Ba/gq0j I8YCXh SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost }d5~w[ Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost EG3u)}vI POX{;[SV '************************************************************************* 6)>otB8)J 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) iO2jT+i '************************************************************************* }02(Y!Gh n9-WZsc1 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) iJCv+p_f =F
%lx[9Ye ' Delete any z-shift(s) Zq5~M bldh count = 0 )CgH|z:=b While GetOperationCount(eID)>count wxT(ktE GetOperation eID, count, op ^MG"n7)X If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then \^jRMIM== DeleteOperation eID,count a|4Q6Ycu count=count-1 su3Wk,MLP End If p%K(dA count=count+1 O=^/58(m Wend o/oLL w cmU>A721 'Set new z-shift aK
3'u op.Type = "ShiftZ" Ch:EL-L op.val1 = tlens <d >!% op.parent = parID q>5j (,6F AddOperation eID, op '|<S`,'#hg Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens pbw{EzM +d(|Jid '************************************************************************* +oL@pp0 'Lens index of refraction %E"Z &_3{ '************************************************************************* yT~x7, eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) :\y' ?d- Q GetModelMaterial eID, mat c5:X$k\ `PSjkF( mat.Nd = nlens J ;4aghzY SetModelMaterial eID, mat N,3iSH=cN[ Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens [+!&iN +[_3h9BK '************************************************************************* dP`B9>r 'Pupil diameter yrd1J$ '************************************************************************* 0?dr( eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) tBX71d
T d`~~Ww1 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) 2U(qyC o$rF-? SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" ?Ygd|a5 w4M;e;8m[U ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens \Pcn D$L parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 1aCpeD4|) eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) g4952u count = 0 V Ew| N) While GetOperationCount(eID)>count W|y;Kxy GetOperation eID, count, op f8`dJ5i If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then WjCxTBI DeleteOperation eID,count EdkIT|c{ count=count-1 P(/eVD#v End If G=SMz+z count=count+1 }}D32TVN Wend O;|Cu7WU op.Type = "ShiftZ" -Mz [S op.val1 = taq-0.01 iRbe$v&N op.parent = parID OA(.&5] AddOperation eID, op O?cU6u;W N"suR}9% Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam Z!7xRy -'SA&[7dP 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description Ks@cwY eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 1<5Ug8q GetEntity eID, entity ~E!kx entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" VCJOWUEO1 SetEntity eID, entity $mh\` c&FOt Update i];P!Gm Print "DONE!" :2&"ak>N #sDb611}# End Sub py+\e"s Y]](.\ff 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: G$%F`R[ 'tvuw\hhL Accommodation = 4 Diopters %OHZOs Pupil Diameter = 4 mm C4P<GtR9 Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 mt`CQz"_ Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 OZnKJ< Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 ^_<|~ Set lens thickness = 3.927 q=V'pML Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 [.1MElM Set pupil diameter = 4 nosD1sS.K8 DONE! m[74 p LO>42o?/i / of K7/ QQ:2987619807 TlRc8r|
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