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简介 e0 D;]
W>"i0p 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 AIE)q]'Q A81kb 模型 X\ h]N ,xGlWH wrY 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 4[6A~iC_ "8-]6p3u Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 $tb$gO 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. MZ{)`7acR\ IlwY5i L 光源 X1+Wb9P [P[syi#]t 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 ?J>^X-z Xdjxt?* MOj 0"x) 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 KB-7]H 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 b2Ct^`|M5 c=ZX7U 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 Q
i? 8(BLS{-"< 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 Gs-' gP<l 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 FO*Py)/rX 视网膜的散射 0BD3~Lv )2\6Fy0S 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 &
K7+V *s_)E2 nkvzv 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 BM:je(*p 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 B&tl6?7h lT*Hj. +lE 9*Gs_$ 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 &!~q#w1W-5 脚本 e\/Lcng y*P[*/g 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: NK d8XQ=% +f|u5c 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 5?QR 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 37{mhU 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 :U?Kwv8 s 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 '*W/Bett V"
I+E 分析 ]{dg"J (/c9v8Pr(7 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 1C:lXx$| m\j'7mZ1 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 1J^{h5?lU 脚本代码 K47W7zR Io|
72W}rg Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. ~GMlnA]6 7Ij FSN> Dim entity As T_ENTITY 3<?#*z4]_ Dim op As T_OPERATION eFbr1IV Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL Zs)HzOP)9 Dim A As Double i9W@$I,f Dim pupilDiam As Double jiz"`,-},O Dim eID As Long AOhsat;O` Dim parID As Long s4t>/.;x Dim count As Integer jF{zcYU Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double Hb IRE Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double l[.RnM[v Dim curv As Double, conic As Double H<g-
Bhv Dim ok As Long b=.Ikt+y u9QvcD^'z Sub Main b?qtTce 9 *Q/3| '用户输入对话框 IC37f[Q Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 r6QNs1f~. TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 ho;Km Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 ?<
mSEgvu OKButton 40,91,90,21 3\G&fb|?}R CancelButton 190,91,90,21 @~xNax&^ Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 (Z;-u+ }. TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 5q}680s9+ End Dialog 1]m]b4] Dim dlg As UserDialog h)fi9 {088j?[hzk ok = Dialog (dlg) "\U$aaF ~~]L!P If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed MW6d- Print "Execution cancelled." rx
CSs End 2/x+7F}w5 End If s=#3f3 >y
&9!G 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty mn)kd If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then C1Slx!} A = 0 'Default accommodation vn9_tL& Else &AG,]# A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) sTU`@}} End If 7ae8nZ3& nPD5/xW If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then -tlRe12 pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter EQET:a:g Else :"#EQq]ct pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) hqmKUlo End If ~8o's` SoI"a^fY Print " " !g-|@W Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" @YHB>rNf(7 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" c~K^ooS- gT22!
' Calculate new parameters with accommodation +'Ec)7m taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness DP6 M4 7loIX Qw Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens qCi6kEr CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens 3.Oc8(N^} $*tq$DZ4& Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens @2yi%_]h CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens JBo/<W#| Q-k{Lqa- tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness ,W;\6"Iwx' >gtKyn] nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction >jD,%yG }SR}ET&z 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation C:
@T5m . T6fPEb '************************************************************************* @kw#\%Uz 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) ],YIEOx6
'************************************************************************* /f@VRME eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ^Qt4}V= GetCustomElement eID, entity 7{e0^V,\k hqd}L~o: parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) E5(\/;[*` rV>/:FG ' Delete any shift(s) in z po~V{>fUm count = 0 i/N4uq}'A< While GetOperationCount(eID)>count vtM!?#
GetOperation eID, count, op ~3<Li}W If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then { K'QE0'x DeleteOperation eID,count |r[yMI|VR count=count-1 t84(k zcC End If :_E
q(r count=count+1 _C$JO Wend -`x$a&} P$?3\`U; 'Set new shift in @5+ JXD op.Type = "ShiftZ" !VUxy op.val1 = taq fm C)]O%q op.parent = parID ;O5p>o AddOperation eID, op ">PpC]Y1 Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 (F@.o1No% (;T$[ru` '************************************************************************* P{v>o,a. 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens Xo]QV.n '************************************************************************* 28J
;9 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) <8nl}^d5 GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic STmn%& iTJSW SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant Ta^l1]9.* Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant N%
/if 8@S7_x '************************************************************************* b<o Uy 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens }GX[N\$N '************************************************************************* bkk1_X eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) *<?or"P GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic :a3 +f5 ENW>bS8e` SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost J`}5bnFP
Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost <20rxOEnf iy_'D '************************************************************************* +rse,b&U( 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 7 \)OWp '************************************************************************* #Bq.'?c'~ a-w=LpVM parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) kNqSBzg oo sbf#V ' Delete any z-shift(s) A;VjMfoB count = 0 3~ITvH,`s While GetOperationCount(eID)>count @*SgeLeL GetOperation eID, count, op VbR/k,Co If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ue8C pn^M DeleteOperation eID,count Z'sAu#C count=count-1 dm;H0v+Y' End If &E|2-) count=count+1 pUtd_8 Wend v_-S#( \z"0lAv" 'Set new z-shift :.KN;+tP op.Type = "ShiftZ" ^wesuW@= op.val1 = tlens m>dZ n op.parent = parID ?Ne@OMc AddOperation eID, op +%vBDcf Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens YNV!(>\GE xszGao' '************************************************************************* Fl{:aq"3 'Lens index of refraction wcGI2aflD '************************************************************************* jSa9UD eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) Cw`8[)=}o GetModelMaterial eID, mat l!VPk"s sjh>i>t mat.Nd = nlens WmU5YZ(mAq SetModelMaterial eID, mat -<rQOPH% Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens |X&.+RI VA4>!t) '************************************************************************* 2uonT,W 'Pupil diameter =@%;6`AVcp '************************************************************************* N[e QT eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) s|iph~W!L V=yRE 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) JNhHQvi\ 6{h+(|.( SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" +Kc1a; 4dy2m! ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens c2M-/ x-: parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) {v&c5B~,\ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) @\-i3EhR count = 0 zh5'oE&[yC While GetOperationCount(eID)>count l5sBDiir% GetOperation eID, count, op ]3.Un,F If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then RQ?T~ASs DeleteOperation eID,count OO%<~H count=count-1 LW?Zd= End If 2+KOUd&jS count=count+1 u`E24~ Wend $*)??uU op.Type = "ShiftZ" Y|ONCc op.val1 = taq-0.01 cd8ZZ8L op.parent = parID JTT"t@__ AddOperation eID, op y!6+jrI 4%l
@ Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam O6rrv,+_L |Ad1/>8i 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description 1d49z9F eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) yX:A?U GetEntity eID, entity "=~P&Mi_ entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" .ZSG nbJ SetEntity eID, entity 3/sKRU k<b`v&G Update JQVu&S Print "DONE!" KX*Hev'K HVb9YU+ End Sub S<n3wR"^ ?VM# Nf\ 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: (nP 6Xq RusC5\BUX Accommodation = 4 Diopters V\axOz! Pupil Diameter = 4 mm ibDMhW$n Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 5j(3pV`_ Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 ]:* 8
Mb# Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 (W~jr-O^ Set lens thickness = 3.927 $YDZtS&h Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 /EY^u i Set pupil diameter = 4 bXcDsP$. DONE! F?j;3@z[A Mwdh]I,# =~r?(u6d QQ:2987619807 y^; =+Z
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