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简介 &VQwuO 9cj=CuE 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 /CX<k gz@ }F1^gN&QF 模型 {ifYr(|p` ;{Ovqo| 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 9$)4C| wz:w R+ Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 'etCIl3 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. X7n~Ws&s@ ;zh|*F> 光源 $
Q2|{* c\RDa|B, 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。
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D sS+9ly{9J 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 -M/ny-;`} 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 x$A5Ved ^M,Q<HL 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 {v2Q7ZO- UQhfR}( 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 4!E6|N%f UY|nB hL 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 YE0s5bB6 视网膜的散射 ?(R6}ab>K7 `Th!bk 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 ';$2j~ m >'o&Hj fx=aT 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 <0lfkeD 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。
|EF*]qI 6wxQ_Qz:Q ogQbST 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 Z !hDTT 脚本 fe&K2C%bm 9]d$G$Kv9 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: OcIJT1 1UmV& 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 1?mQ
fW@G 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 h05
~ g 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 ! .!qJ% 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 o/9 V1" +F`!
Jt 分析 w3B*%x) f?
ko%c_p 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 M22^.,Z dGHRHXi 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 0y6nMI 脚本代码 b-~Gt]%>m C}W/9_I6Uo Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. }Z%*gfp LN_6>u Dim entity As T_ENTITY >JnEhVRQJ9 Dim op As T_OPERATION I`FH^= Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL 9jJ&QACn
Dim A As Double f}#pKsX. Dim pupilDiam As Double h-#Glse< Dim eID As Long ;m7$U Dim parID As Long x'n J_0 Dim count As Integer
@(oz`|* Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double "-N%`UA Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double Tb~(?nY5 Dim curv As Double, conic As Double [UFLL:_sC Dim ok As Long 4Mnne'7 6%O" Sub Main O cm lSQANC' '用户输入对话框 d}IVYI Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 <.RgMPi TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 V#5BZU- Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 ^d4# OKButton 40,91,90,21 |W{z,e01x CancelButton 190,91,90,21 y{5ZC~Z<! Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 .4.zy]I TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 #;2Ju'e#z End Dialog v#=- Dim dlg As UserDialog &!m;s_gi TRX; m|
ok = Dialog (dlg) piY=(y&3 WG(tt. If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed A1Rt Print "Execution cancelled." TzerAX^ End \
$z.x-U End If S9-K 8?P@<Do% 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty >qCUs3}C{* If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then h6la+l?x A = 0 'Default accommodation t\u0\l> Else ADlPdkmym A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) v8_HaA$5Y End If UiF ?Nx~ +'Tr>2V If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then |.)dOk,o pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter vM|?;QM Else =Tb~CT= pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) 0|P RCq End If 3`Y I.1zD aP Print " " vsHY; [ Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" )!){4c/ Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" 'mG[#M/Y w6v P
a ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation RcMW%q$dG taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness M|6
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[ Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens <~vamim#K CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens .6f
%"E, jsfyNl?6 Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens >*B/Wy CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens xgnt)&7T Xn9TQ"[4 tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness 8%>
Ls 69TQHJ[ nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction k9'%8(7M: pZ%/;sxYa 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation #&5m=q$EI #V*<G#B '************************************************************************* eHm! 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) j+w*Absh '************************************************************************* D />REC^ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 3zGxe- GetCustomElement eID, entity UYD(++ 1E=%:? d parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) =-1d m+P <s)+V6\E ' Delete any shift(s) in z \y"!`.E7\d count = 0 $ZH$x3; While GetOperationCount(eID)>count l7
j3;Ly GetOperation eID, count, op w*u HB;? If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then [%
KBc} DeleteOperation eID,count b~y1'|}g count=count-1 sq*d?<:3 End If "Z#97Jc+J count=count+1 Fpzps!(;= Wend _t'Kj\ VfAIx]Fa 'Set new shift in n*{e0,gp` op.Type = "ShiftZ" v|<Dc8i+ op.val1 = taq i/NY86A op.parent = parID +^1HtI|y AddOperation eID, op K%1'zSAyK Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 F!tn|!~ yE.
ZvvQA '************************************************************************* `7LN?-
T 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens v@&&5J| '************************************************************************* .^X IZ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) sX^m1v~N| GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic mrS:||,_ Vdjf
F&q SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant 66,?f<b Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant 9@nX 6\, ahU\(= '************************************************************************* %($sj|_l 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens P"cc$lB~ I '************************************************************************* L ![b f5T eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) bu1O<* GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic iL\<G}
I 9(dbou SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost w[qWr@
Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost gxycw4kz A84I*d '************************************************************************* ,/BBG\mJ 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) fpwge/w '************************************************************************* l
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N parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) q*SX.A>YR rg]eSP3W ' Delete any z-shift(s) ~Yv"= count = 0 }Gqx2 )H While GetOperationCount(eID)>count (x2I*<7P GetOperation eID, count, op QHUoAa`6v If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then \h~;n)FI DeleteOperation eID,count N1jj\.nB count=count-1 3+;]dqZ End If ?_3K]i1IS count=count+1 w&8gA[y*u Wend cfyN)#9 DB-4S-2 'Set new z-shift $cHA_$ ` op.Type = "ShiftZ" d}GO( op.val1 = tlens .h-:)e* op.parent = parID zjs@7LN AddOperation eID, op =P\H}?PF Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens Af pB=3 +e. bO5Y '************************************************************************* d nWh}! 'Lens index of refraction @]":3 '************************************************************************* r3<yG"J86 eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) ~Aq;g$IJZ GetModelMaterial eID, mat J 6U3}SO=y ,~w)~fMb8 mat.Nd = nlens :(VD<"X SetModelMaterial eID, mat y,v*jE Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens ymT&[+V a]|P rjPI '************************************************************************* C s?kZ
% 'Pupil diameter @5K/z<p% '************************************************************************* 3N|,c]| eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) W2J"W=:z BY.'0,H=k 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) yeqZPzn rIR~YMv! SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" 7 [N1Vr(1 \74+ cN ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens /\"=egB9 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) _"6{Rb53v= eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) 6":=p:PT. count = 0 );$_|]# While GetOperationCount(eID)>count f8'D{OP"G GetOperation eID, count, op ^$c+r%9k If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then OV8Y)%t" DeleteOperation eID,count |f;u5r!^= count=count-1 7Rqjf6kX`O End If jXB<"bw count=count+1 d#cw`h<c~ Wend Q"n|<!DN op.Type = "ShiftZ" D6@c& op.val1 = taq-0.01 (Vnv"= ( op.parent = parID N
'2Nv AddOperation eID, op V\r!H>
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Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam &$ZJfHD@ 9ar+P h@* 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description gf7%vyMo$ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) ?a+>%uWt GetEntity eID, entity 9E~=/Q= entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" >xb}AY; SetEntity eID, entity 42kr&UY& q '9u8b Update :t+XW`eQR: Print "DONE!" tP8>0\$) `2Rd=M]? End Sub 6 Ty;m>j H5j6$y|I|N 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: qKag'0e D&KRJQ/ Accommodation = 4 Diopters {Hg.ctam Pupil Diameter = 4 mm yU]NgG=z:- Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 qT}<D`\ Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 \7o&'zEw Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 Gv?3T Am8 Set lens thickness = 3.927 E0]B=- Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 Ib3n%AG Set pupil diameter = 4 jz ;N&62| DONE! s>hNwb/ 5jAiqJq~y: Dz4e.tvN QQ:2987619807 ;G_{$)P.o
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