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简介 K3m/(jdO Q*cf( 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 }&D WaO]J7 iVr J Q 模型 nF:4}qy\ <dNOd0e 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 Hio0HL- 7z,C}-q Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 Oszj$C(jF 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. e{H=dIa+ [DOckf oZx 光源 ~=LE0. 3[ I][*j 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 G4;Oi= ;;t yoh~t {Mk6T1Bkq 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 G!##X: 6' 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 @1j
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在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 =XQ%t
@z0 ,qwuLBW 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 R\f+SvE cVpp-Z|s8 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 j;r-NCBnz 视网膜的散射 >R_&Ouh: U/M>?G~ 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 HJH{nz'Lw (WJRi:NP? 3}1u\(Mf 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 ({_{\9O,3 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 29b9`NXt WU`
rh^ HiFUv>,u 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 H?Wya.7 脚本 3?yg\ Om@;J%u/ 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: } OR+Io T-L||yE,h 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 Zi
i 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 v?$:@9pAk 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 Fm 2AEs\ 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 w9imKVry +\A,&;!SR 分析 :Yl-w-oe V!=,0zy~Z 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 3"i-o$P N+xP26D8 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 J@'wf8Ub 脚本代码 ITBE|b 6gE7e|+ Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. BWrxunHO !pW0qX\1n Dim entity As T_ENTITY x9g#<2w8 Dim op As T_OPERATION ND;#7/$> Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL ~mxO7cy5Cg Dim A As Double Lq^)R Dim pupilDiam As Double fr3d Dim eID As Long WT=;: j Dim parID As Long <'*LRd$1 Dim count As Integer 7$=InK Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double VA5xp] Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double f6Ah6tb Dim curv As Double, conic As Double HV|,}Wks6s Dim ok As Long 4HlQ&2O%# t~XN}gMxw Sub Main NLqzi%s abj Q)=u '用户输入对话框 EQM{ Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 cwg"c4V TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 %u'ukcL7 Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 Q2gq}c~ OKButton 40,91,90,21 /4Gt{ygSr CancelButton 190,91,90,21 :I#V. Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 Xv^qVn4 TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 iBaA9 End Dialog :o3N;*o>)0 Dim dlg As UserDialog ux4POO3C| ,zjv7$L ok = Dialog (dlg) #6= 7.oM J If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed k,*XG$2h Print "Execution cancelled." 4r}51 N\ End hgq;`_;1, End If g7H(PF? [(lW^- 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty z0 3K=aZ If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then })%{AfDRF A = 0 'Default accommodation `c$V$/IT Else 2^7`mES A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) @yYkti;4- End If ~"!fP3"e eR>oq, If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then l/5
hp. pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter 6gDN`e,@ Else H5|;{q:j pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) hZb_P\1X End If ;xTpE2 -~ XiWmV ? Print " " :ws<-Qy Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" f o3}W^0 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" gSj,E8-g Vurqt_nb ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation $`8wJf9@w taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 8oGRLYU N 307I$*%W Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens QT}tvm@PMq CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens d'> x(Yi Q>z8IlJ} Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens V7/Rby Q CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens *un^u-; ?Bmb' 3 tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness *T1_;4i \;Weizq5 nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction kJR`:J3DJ %C]>9." 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation ]:n,RO6 7yQ4*UB '************************************************************************* 4,ag(^}= 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) * 4
n) '************************************************************************* |s_GlJV. eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ALHIGJW:6$ GetCustomElement eID, entity =_^X3z0 :4|4 =mkr parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 46;uW{EY LP=)~K< ' Delete any shift(s) in z rm_Nn8p, count = 0 :(%5:1W While GetOperationCount(eID)>count j8gdlIx GetOperation eID, count, op iy"*5<;*DD If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then =(^3}x
DeleteOperation eID,count L/[K" count=count-1 O/LXdz0B End If HaYo!.(Fv count=count+1 2mU.7!g) Wend :Dp0?&_ 6LhTBV 'Set new shift in AQ Ojit6p op.Type = "ShiftZ" }m8q}~>tL op.val1 = taq -\MG}5?! op.parent = parID I1J-)R+ AddOperation eID, op GvAb`c= Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 O.M1@w] Y/oHu@
_ '************************************************************************* x1a:u 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens Gw` L" '************************************************************************* lquLT6] eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) nt<]d\o0 GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic P<-@h1p, Y-9I3?ar SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant k7^5Bp8= Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant (m$Y<{)2 g)B]FH1 '************************************************************************* OTv) 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens JGZBL{8 '************************************************************************* r_d!ikOT( eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) {..6>fS GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic @F>D+=hS :'ptuY SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost IGgL7^MF Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost XP}<N&j ?A0)L27UE& '************************************************************************* 8CE = 4 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) `@%LzeGz '************************************************************************* 7$#u (?];VG parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) y>LBl] =|9!vzG4 ' Delete any z-shift(s) l"]V6!-U count = 0 F[MFx^sT{ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count YZ7.1`8 GetOperation eID, count, op d=^z`nt !R If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then Xc.`-J~Il DeleteOperation eID,count ABkl%m6xf count=count-1 ipz5 H* End If zeRyL3fnmb count=count+1 [B3RfCV{ Wend ^sZ,2,^ hGrdtsH? 'Set new z-shift )}vl\7= op.Type = "ShiftZ" /Kbl%u op.val1 = tlens !m$jk2< op.parent = parID 8k79&| AddOperation eID, op Z :gyz$9w Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens *ui</+ !9x} '************************************************************************* xD$\,{ 'Lens index of refraction 5-M-X#( '************************************************************************* =c7;r]Ol eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) 'q.!|G2U GetModelMaterial eID, mat t<qiGDJ<d 7z-[f'EIUI mat.Nd = nlens ,?3G;- SetModelMaterial eID, mat
5dg(e3T Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens QW"! (`K +[P{&\d4} '************************************************************************* {Ha57Wk8D 'Pupil diameter \v/[6&|X0s '************************************************************************* g&.=2uP eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) iQ{VY
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0 r*Xuj= 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) @pxcpXCy @|r{;' SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" Mp]rUPK 8i pez/ ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens 4\i[m:e=@ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) .^g p? eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) 7o4\oRGV count = 0 > P)w?:k While GetOperationCount(eID)>count cZ06Kx.. GetOperation eID, count, op cNH7C"@GVu If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ElXFeJ%[G DeleteOperation eID,count liSmjsk count=count-1 `{Ul! End If Cyp'?N
count=count+1 \DzGQ{`~m Wend W%J\qA op.Type = "ShiftZ" A=4OWV? op.val1 = taq-0.01 j#6.Gq op.parent = parID 0aAoV0fMDz AddOperation eID, op o}!PQ#`M Yw9GN2AG Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam Ls%MGs9PI F\!
`/4 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description If.r5z9 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) n| ;Im&, GetEntity eID, entity _j3f Ar(V entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" BzzTGWq\ SetEntity eID, entity xfQ1T)F3g 26nx`w?j( Update $^P0F9~0 Print "DONE!" 4Up/p&1@ z @Y;r=v End Sub #F#%`Rv1 C]#,+q* 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: SdWV3 >/|*DI-HJ Accommodation = 4 Diopters 6 r"<jh # Pupil Diameter = 4 mm `]X>V, Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 ..qCPlK; Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 :>*7=q= Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 / +\9S Set lens thickness = 3.927 8RX&k Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 /\Ef%@ Set pupil diameter = 4 Z7#+pPt! DONE!
$k?>DP4 :0ep(<|; . ^u,. QQ:2987619807 i$@:@&(~Y
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