切换到宽版
  • 广告投放
  • 稿件投递
  • 繁體中文
    • 9169阅读
    • 24回复

    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications [复制链接]

    上一主题 下一主题
    在线cyqdesign
     
    发帖
    29716
    光币
    94246
    光券
    0
    只看楼主 倒序阅读 楼主  发表于: 2016-06-21
    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications K3m]%m2\  
    CF+_/s#j^  
    Joseph W. Goodman " Om[~-31  
    hJwC~HG5  
    Contents %FXfqF9  
    1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 NLS%Sq  
    1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 cs T2B[f9D  
    1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 j;s"q]"x]  
    1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 *:>"q ej  
    2 Random Phasor Sums 7 M%1}/!J3  
    2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 !O-C,uSm  
    2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 m-H-6`]  
    2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 AK\$i$@6  
    2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ,Vh.T&X5  
    2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 0TN;86Mo  
    2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 R&|mdY8  
    3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 A$#p%y b  
    3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Z-E`>  
    3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 fRy^Q_~,  
    3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4AG\[f 8q  
    3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 @) s,{F  
    3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Vm(1G8 a  
    3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 (4'$y`Z  
    3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 RY c!~Wh~Y  
    3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Lg~B'd8m  
    3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 f8M$45A'  
    3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 hF@Gn/  
    3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 vk*=4}:  
    3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 *c%oN |  
    3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 $ "E).j  
    3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 } b=}uiR#  
    3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 e*@{%S  
    3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 MS0Fl|YA  
    4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 0KMctPT]p  
    4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55  `)GrwfC  
    4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56  PZ{Dv'C  
    4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 OH5>vV 'i  
    4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 h3*Zfl<]  
    4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 UNPezHaz  
    4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 w" SoeU  
    4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 ogL EtqT  
    4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 AZa 6 C w  
    4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 D[_|*9BC  
    4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 SV v;q?jZ  
    4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Qtbbb3m;  
    4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 HPb]Zj  
    4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 SfJ./ny  
    4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 ~_Lr=CD;4  
    4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height Nluv/?<  
    Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 ({JHZ6uZ  
    4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 @J5Jpt*IE  
    4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 TF 'U  
    4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4'-|UPhx  
    4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Si_%Rr&jW  
    4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of taFn![}/!g  
    Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 :JfE QIN  
    4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 9G{;?c  
    4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 _~q?_'kx  
    4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 %]I ZLJ  
    4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 hoQs @[  
    4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 2RN)<\P  
    4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 wjh=Q  
    4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 VQ0fS!5'  
    4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 %{/%mJoX  
    4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 abJ" [  
    4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Y$Q|J4z  
    4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 O~59FuL  
    4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 ]d a^xWK  
    4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 }~"hC3w  
    5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 {dL?rQ>5L  
    5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 lW(px^&IN  
    5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 QHWBAGA  
    5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 X=Ys<TM,  
    5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 {_Lg tu  
    5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 #% of;mJv  
    5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Wm);C~Le  
    5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 -S$1Yn  
    5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 KN?6;G{  
    5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Qt,M!i,  
    5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 /F4pb]U!*  
    5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 _UT$,0u_i  
    5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 !'j?.F $}  
    5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 7<jZ`qdq_  
    5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 x5QaM.+=J  
    5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 yuDZ~0]R  
    5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 ?{U m  
    6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165  ;b`[&g  
    6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 ^-rfvc  
    6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 jMbC Y07v  
    6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 +J{0 E  
    6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 {5d9$v7k4  
    6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 E[O<S B I  
    6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 m! W3Cwz\&  
    6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 NTS# sgP  
    6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 P%#*-zCCx  
    6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 !^v5-xO?rP  
    6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 l#lF +Q;  
    6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 p_UlK8rb  
    6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 j:}DBk  
    6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 0]D{Va  
    6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 =) E,8L  
    6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 &z]K\-xp  
    6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 =7m}yDs6$  
    6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 quvanx V-L  
    6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 /sr2mt-Q  
    6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 DhX#E&  
    6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 @q"m5  
    6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 WWL4`s  
    6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 70lfb`  
    7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 "Tm[t?FMbe  
    7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 ,R$u?c0>'&  
    7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 RN)dS>$  
    7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 M\Gdn92pd  
    7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 ?KITC;\\  
    7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 '{ [5M!B  
    7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 e5.h ?  
    7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219  Ug:\  
    7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 dgDy5{_  
    7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 [HN|\afz  
    7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 ? tfT8$  
    7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 8)kLV_+%  
    7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 sP-^~ pp  
    8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 a6:x"Tv  
    8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 *=fr8  
    8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 O:{U^K:*  
    8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 (mtoA#X1:h  
    8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 >6oOZbUY0  
    8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 ~V/?H!r'{}  
    8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 t6BHGX{o  
    8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 <" @zn  
    8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 oG7q_4+&  
    8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 yQ3OL#  
    8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 +kq'+Y7  
    8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 .))v0   
    8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 /XudV2P-CA  
    8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 t+?P^Ok  
    8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 /T,Z>R  
    8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 $7QoMV8V  
    A Linear Transformations 263 Q#(GI2F2#  
    B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 , * ]d~Y  
    C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 `xiCm':  
    C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 6{ ,HiY  
    C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 PyA&ZkX>  
    C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 8?*RIA.a  
    D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 k8,?hX:  
    D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 l88A=iLgv  
    D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 c}[+h5  
    E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 ^ FZ^6*  
    E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 >a1{397Y}  
    E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 =<@\,xN>C  
    E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 'xv8Gwf"  
    F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 M(d6Z2ibh  
    Bibliography 291 <!pQ  
    Index 299
    本主题包含附件,请 登录 后查看, 或者 注册 成为会员
    1条评分光币+16
    mang2004 光币 +16 优秀文章,支持! 2016-06-25
     
    光行天下网站、公众号广告投放、企业宣传稿件发布,请联系QQ:9652202,微信号:cyqdesign
    分享到
    离线measure123
    发帖
    286
    光币
    3937
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 1楼 发表于: 2016-06-21
    感谢分享,好书
    离线mang2004
    发帖
    2449
    光币
    309
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 2楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    经典,谢谢。
    离线herrok
    发帖
    548
    光币
    104
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 3楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    谢谢楼主!
    离线mumapiaoyun
    发帖
    916
    光币
    5
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 4楼 发表于: 2016-07-05
    好高深,了解学习下
    在线光强
    发帖
    1055
    光币
    16
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 5楼 发表于: 2016-07-06
    Speckle Phenomena
    离线东西南北
    发帖
    563
    光币
    2730
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 6楼 发表于: 2016-09-17
    学习来了  谢谢
    离线alvin1989
    发帖
    2
    光币
    3
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 7楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    好书啊, 最近在做multimodefiber的实验,觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
    在线bairuizheng
    发帖
    5902
    光币
    39976
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 8楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    谢谢。 Ef7:y|?  
    离线hesi
    发帖
    45
    光币
    12
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 9楼 发表于: 2017-03-18
    很清楚,谢谢!