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    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications [复制链接]

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    只看楼主 倒序阅读 楼主  发表于: 2016-06-21
    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications P]!$MOt  
    +JZ<9,4  
    Joseph W. Goodman z   
    8(ny^]v|  
    Contents RK(uC-l  
    1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 \<|a>{`7]i  
    1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AKx\U?ei7  
    1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 }D dg  
    1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ;hF>iw  
    2 Random Phasor Sums 7  s=#IoNh  
    2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 @dX0gHU[c  
    2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 asP>(Li  
    2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 RyD2LAf)J  
    2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 WhE5u&`  
    2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 j)Kk:BFFY  
    2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Dn$zwksSs  
    3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 ^T'+dGU`  
    3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 FMY r6/I  
    3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 As@~%0 S  
    3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 X^%I 3  
    3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ]]o7ej  
    3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1w+On JI?  
    3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Oz^+;P1  
    3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 qA9*t  
    3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6v GcM3M  
    3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 dDW],d}B;  
    3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 hw_7N)}  
    3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 0LoA-c<Ay  
    3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Mp75L5  
    3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Wr`=P,  
    3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 l,h#RTfry  
    3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 L3Ry#uw  
    3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 T7m rOp  
    4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 )ty *_@N0  
    4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 ;Iw'TF   
    4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 *[ Wh9 ,H  
    4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 ~J)4(411  
    4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ( NjX?^  
    4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 yN{Ybp  
    4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 <S $Z  
    4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 'Twi @I  
    4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5 W(iU  
    4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 DBCL+QHA  
    4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 ] 5P{*  
    4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 _<;#=l  
    4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 )~d2`1zGS  
    4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 ,~K_rNNZ  
    4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 W$gSpZ_7  
    4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height j])iyn~-Ke  
    Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 @pytHN8( $  
    4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 7bsW7;C  
    4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 H=X>o.iVqi  
    4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 =Z#tZ{"  
    4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 !"2 OcDFx  
    4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of TM!R[-\  
    Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Y141Twjvd  
    4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 q>Px   
    4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 UeHS4cW  
    4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 ih+kh7J-  
    4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7azxqa5:  
    4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 L8bq3Q'p  
    4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 [FiXsYb.8  
    4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 U45/%?kE)  
    4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7MGc+M(p  
    4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 MM'<uy  
    4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 H:[z#f|t  
    4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 cR@z^  
    4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 9D<^)ShY  
    4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 9\Xl 3j!  
    5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 ACyQsmqm:  
    5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 t"0~2R6i  
    5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 v Z]gb$  
    5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 B]*&lRR  
    5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 2"__jp:(  
    5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 ,nHz~Xi1t  
    5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7/*; rT  
    5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 E&&80[tN]  
    5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 ;"Ot\:0  
    5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 , R^Pk6m>  
    5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 U4N S.`V  
    5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Do_L  
    5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Z@ I%ppd  
    5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 40g&zU-  
    5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 x,7a xx6  
    5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 D ^ &!  
    5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 (4g; -*N  
    6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 qtgK}*9ptv  
    6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Ix *KL=MG  
    6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 ![vc/wuf  
    6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 klch!m=d  
    6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 PTePSj1N  
    6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 UBU(@T(  
    6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 gdT^QM:y4$  
    6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 6]rrj  
    6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 } KMdfA  
    6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 xxV{1, H2  
    6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 [ B (lJz  
    6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 U{O\  
    6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Q ?Nzt;)!.  
    6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Q z/pz_}  
    6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 1qQgAhoY  
    6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Z].>U!7W  
    6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186  (K?[gI  
    6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 s-C.+9  
    6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 huq6rA/i  
    6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Yd<~]aXM   
    6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 eq@ v2o7  
    6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 @+{S-iD"  
    6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 & 9?vQq|%  
    7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 d&ZwVF!  
    7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 H@ w6.[#  
    7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 w}(xs)`num  
    7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 @DUdgPA  
    7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 -B4v1{An  
    7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 _c(=>  
    7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 l+N?:E$5=%  
    7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 jOuv\$  
    7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 cX=` Tl  
    7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 3] @<.  
    7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 4p-$5Fk8}  
    7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 k|lxJ^V#  
    7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 .xk<7^ZD  
    8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 7"[lWC!As5  
    8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 UwM}!K7)G  
    8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 9iOlR=-*  
    8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 ag+ML1#)  
    8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 1a)_Lko  
    8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 z44uhRh  
    8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Sm1bDa\!=  
    8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 xH f9N?  
    8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 pUwX cy<n  
    8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 i ;tA<-$-  
    8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 n$P v2qw  
    8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 D!<$uAT  
    8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 }(],*^'u-  
    8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 M84LbgGM%  
    8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 .*f;v4!  
    8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 u+R?N% EKP  
    A Linear Transformations 263 RXof$2CZS  
    B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 cwD0 ~B  
    C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 000 $ZsW?  
    C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 wYxizNv,  
    C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 R5i8cjKZ?w  
    C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 GHlra^  
    D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 ,-1$Vh@wM  
    D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 ]_=HC5"  
    D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 yd%\3}-  
    E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 $XI<s$P%(%  
    E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 'wZy: c  
    E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 ,mX|TI<*  
    E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 kg61Dgu  
    F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 V*m)h  
    Bibliography 291 ,C&>mv xA  
    Index 299
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    1条评分光币+16
    mang2004 光币 +16 优秀文章,支持! 2016-06-25
     
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    离线measure123
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    只看该作者 1楼 发表于: 2016-06-21
    感谢分享,好书
    离线mang2004
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    只看该作者 2楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    经典,谢谢。
    离线herrok
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    只看该作者 3楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    谢谢楼主!
    离线mumapiaoyun
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    只看该作者 4楼 发表于: 2016-07-05
    好高深,了解学习下
    离线光强
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    只看该作者 5楼 发表于: 2016-07-06
    Speckle Phenomena
    离线东西南北
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    只看该作者 6楼 发表于: 2016-09-17
    学习来了  谢谢
    离线alvin1989
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    只看该作者 7楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    好书啊, 最近在做multimodefiber的实验,觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
    离线bairuizheng
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    只看该作者 8楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    谢谢。 6"i{P  
    离线hesi
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    只看该作者 9楼 发表于: 2017-03-18
    很清楚,谢谢!