切换到宽版
  • 广告投放
  • 稿件投递
  • 繁體中文
    • 9190阅读
    • 24回复

    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications [复制链接]

    上一主题 下一主题
    在线cyqdesign
     
    发帖
    29723
    光币
    94251
    光券
    0
    只看楼主 倒序阅读 楼主  发表于: 2016-06-21
    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications !Z$d<~Mq q  
    'z$N{p40m  
    Joseph W. Goodman JS/'0.  
    bzi"7%c  
    Contents j9 nw,x$  
    1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 ?ko#N?hgI  
    1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 s$M(-"mg  
    1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 !ho^:}m  
    1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 (?4%Xtul1  
    2 Random Phasor Sums 7 6GxLaI  
    2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8  t`o"K  
    2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 n>'(d*[e&  
    2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 h@%Xy(/m'  
    2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 <C`bf$ak  
    2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 )iN;1>  
    2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CS[]T9|_  
    3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 f+Y4~k  
    3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 &=@{`2&  
    3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 &_L@hsm  
    3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 gFaZ ._  
    3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 | eBwcC#^  
    3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 u&zY>'}zm  
    3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 *6}M.`.-  
    3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 t'44X  
    3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 `O\>vn  
    3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 gVG^R02#<k  
    3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Xh"9Bcjf  
    3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42  ~~>m  
    3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 |1@O>GG  
    3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 "| nXR8t.r  
    3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 kvbZx{s  
    3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 nb_/1{F  
    3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 0z=KnQx"4  
    4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 v-8>@s jy8  
    4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 _pdKcE\X  
    4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 (5$Ge$  
    4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 XM]m%I  
    4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 B}"R@;N  
    4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 >G`p T#  
    4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 lNe4e6  
    4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 I!/32* s1t  
    4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Cv#aBH'N  
    4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 !u7KgB<=/F  
    4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 )LP'4*  
    4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 }c,b]!:  
    4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 IyO 0~Vx>  
    4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 vj?{={Y  
    4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 T}Tv}~!f  
    4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height u&~Xgq5[  
    Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 cK$yr)7  
    4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 m H:Un{,  
    4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 -zK>{)Z=q  
    4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 kK5&?)3Y:  
    4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 C%4ed#  
    4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of HI5NWdfRl  
    Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 24wDnDyh  
    4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 *;Kp"j  
    4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 kff N0(MR  
    4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 TuwP'g[  
    4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 @5Tl84@Q  
    4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Pt"K+]Ym  
    4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 ;@; a eu  
    4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2Bt/co-~4  
    4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 1Ek3^TOv7  
    4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ed'[_T}T3t  
    4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 gJ l^K  
    4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 S9dx rm?  
    4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 W^<AUT  
    4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 2|k$Vfz  
    5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 X;LYGJ{Xk  
    5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 z83v J*.  
    5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Jt$YSp=!!  
    5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5AT^puL]]  
    5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 }Y-V!z5z!  
    5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 XL*M#Jx  
    5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 W*LC3B^  
    5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 |lhnCShw  
    5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 JpXv+V  
    5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 M~zI;:0O  
    5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 jr6 0;oK+  
    5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . vHHw@  
    5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 ,!> ~izB  
    5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 /Am9w$_T[  
    5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 B~:yM1f@u4  
    5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 bqn(5)%{  
    5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 1ZF KLI`V  
    6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 hP:>!KJ  
    6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 /3)\^Pof  
    6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 RZW=z}T+H  
    6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Hec8pL  
    6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 #JYl%=#,  
    6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 _4oAk @A  
    6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4`?PtRX  
    6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 9swHa  
    6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 i?^L",[  
    6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 -gGw_w?)(  
    6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 wai3g-`  
    6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 3nBZ+n4z  
    6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 #GGa,@O  
    6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 EI=~*&t  
    6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 @*rMMy 4  
    6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 { {?-& yA  
    6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 A^}#  
    6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 !=S?*E +j)  
    6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 7bYwh8  
    6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 6EC',=)6R  
    6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 ln_&Ux+l  
    6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 W$]qo|2P  
    6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 v RD/67  
    7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 1*A^v  
    7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 7mS Nz.  
    7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 .?:#<=1  
    7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 oY~q^Y  
    7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 TQb/lY9*  
    7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 /- Gq`9Z  
    7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 =9TwBr.CJ  
    7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Dt!KgI3  
    7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 5voL@w>  
    7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 bB0/FiY7o  
    7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 8$c) ]Bv  
    7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 e <+)IW:  
    7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 _#M4zO7  
    8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 OM.-apzC  
    8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 {_tq6ja-<  
    8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 =m<b+@?T  
    8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 , $!F,c  
    8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 7x.j:{2  
    8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 n-K/d I  
    8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 4Kt0}W  
    8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 V9/2y9u  
    8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 T0A=vh;S  
    8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 ~;6^n  
    8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 ;a|%W4"  
    8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 K 91O$'J  
    8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 F&`%L#s|  
    8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Q|[^dju  
    8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 .Ao _c x  
    8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 5OPvy,e6  
    A Linear Transformations 263 1OvoW Nx  
    B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 !pj&h0CR  
    C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 4-HBXG9#/  
    C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 s Y4w dG  
    C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 s5v}S'uO{  
    C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 ]Ky`AG`2~  
    D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 Z;NaIJiL-  
    D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 HjzAFXRG  
    D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 (mbm',%-(  
    E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 3u t<o-  
    E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 6W:]'L4!  
    E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 qOmL\'8  
    E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 D?dS/agA  
    F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 -p0*R<t  
    Bibliography 291 1Z?uT[kR  
    Index 299
    本主题包含附件,请 登录 后查看, 或者 注册 成为会员
    1条评分光币+16
    mang2004 光币 +16 优秀文章,支持! 2016-06-25
     
    光行天下网站、公众号广告投放、企业宣传稿件发布,请联系QQ:9652202,微信号:cyqdesign
    分享到
    离线measure123
    发帖
    286
    光币
    3937
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 1楼 发表于: 2016-06-21
    感谢分享,好书
    离线mang2004
    发帖
    2449
    光币
    310
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 2楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    经典,谢谢。
    离线herrok
    发帖
    548
    光币
    104
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 3楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    谢谢楼主!
    离线mumapiaoyun
    发帖
    916
    光币
    5
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 4楼 发表于: 2016-07-05
    好高深,了解学习下
    离线光强
    发帖
    1055
    光币
    16
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 5楼 发表于: 2016-07-06
    Speckle Phenomena
    离线东西南北
    发帖
    563
    光币
    2730
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 6楼 发表于: 2016-09-17
    学习来了  谢谢
    离线alvin1989
    发帖
    2
    光币
    3
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 7楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    好书啊, 最近在做multimodefiber的实验,觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
    离线bairuizheng
    发帖
    5903
    光币
    39995
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 8楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    谢谢。 oSjYp(h:  
    离线hesi
    发帖
    45
    光币
    12
    光券
    0
    只看该作者 9楼 发表于: 2017-03-18
    很清楚,谢谢!