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    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications [复制链接]

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    只看楼主 倒序阅读 楼主  发表于: 2016-06-21
    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications 6fw(T.Pe  
    AJ=qna  
    Joseph W. Goodman soQ1X@"0  
    b9l;a+]d  
    Contents UeRj< \"Q  
    1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 ~;N^g4s  
    1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 OynXkH]0T+  
    1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 /{&tY: ;m  
    1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 62zYRs\Y)X  
    2 Random Phasor Sums 7 *6 >.!&  
    2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 mGK|ihYu  
    2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 o7$'cn  
    2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 .nVa[B |.  
    2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 `7r@a  
    2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 R#I0|;q4|p  
    2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 -[wGX}}  
    3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 va0{>Dc+  
    3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 X<I+&Zi  
    3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 h-[VH%  
    3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 J|qZ+A[z  
    3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 H*r)Z 90  
    3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 +8RgF   
    3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 .?loO3 m  
    3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 o{y9r{~A  
    3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 yjF1}SQ  
    3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 !]=d-RGNe  
    3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 QD0"rxZJ  
    3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42  @fl-3q  
    3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 G6$kv2(k`@  
    3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 *Qg_F6y  
    3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ,Vt/(x-  
    3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Y!nJg1  
    3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 N/MUwx;P  
    4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 u=`L )  
    4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 +lHjC$   
    4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 6G[4rD&  
    4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 `)T13Xv  
    4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 rustMs2p  
    4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 V3^&oe%  
    4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 JzQ)jdvp  
    4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 hhCrUn"  
    4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 K<>oa[B9  
    4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 B><d9d  
    4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 YQj2  
    4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 a,k>Q`  
    4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 W04@!_) <  
    4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 XAF+0 x!  
    4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 &L'Dqew,*  
    4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height 2N: ,Q8~  
    Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 W*Zkc:{eB  
    4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 W3MJr&p  
    4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 sn obT Q  
    4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 S[PE$tYT#t  
    4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 ,$s8GAmq  
    4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of ChGYTn`X   
    Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 _`&m\Qe>  
    4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 m qMHL2~  
    4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 bk;?9%TW  
    4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 tX_R_]v3  
    4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 %A1o.{H  
    4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 dfKF%27  
    4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 \Q0[?k  
    4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 &"&Z #llb  
    4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 v0z5j6)-1  
    4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6-$jkto  
    4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2$+bJJM  
    4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2 ^h27A  
    4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 -GhP9; d  
    4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 O}-jCW;K  
    5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 /:~\5}tW  
    5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 1OCeN%4]Qk  
    5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 9g'LkP  
    5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 g{OwuAC_  
    5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8']M^|1  
    5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 <D<4BnZ(  
    5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Pg,b-W?n*  
    5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 oHd FMD@  
    5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 I&}L*Z?`  
    5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 V58wU:li  
    5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Mm.<r-b  
    5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 x@P y>f2  
    5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Ugu[|,  
    5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 y{ibO}s  
    5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 3er nTD*`  
    5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 HHDl8lo  
    5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 -JMdE_h  
    6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 _}lZ,L(w  
    6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 } ()5"QB  
    6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 #lmB AL~3  
    6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 *scVJ  
    6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 q)X$^oE!6  
    6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 IUE~_7  
    6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 "c3Grfoz  
    6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 _<k\FU r  
    6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 qLn/2  
    6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 "& ])lz[u  
    6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 .k,1f*%  
    6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 $?Yry. 2  
    6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 l~c@^!  
    6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 {@6= Q 6L  
    6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 :o0JY= 5  
    6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 2`7==?  
    6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 5]KW^sL  
    6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 diJLZikk  
    6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 H$=e -L`@  
    6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 d4u})  
    6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 e- :yb^  
    6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 u$DHVRrF<  
    6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 zL$@`Eh-KP  
    7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 ~zHjMo2  
    7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 HJLu'KY }  
    7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 +o\:d1y  
    7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 ?k]2*}bz  
    7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 f sJ9bQm/  
    7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 K(q+ "  
    7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 nxUJN1b!N  
    7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Bp_$.!Qy  
    7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 <'qeXgi  
    7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 ve MH  
    7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 $@z5kwx:P  
    7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 l1T m`7}  
    7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Q\^O64geD  
    8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 M2 ,YsHt  
    8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 o)Iff)m$  
    8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 QKyo`g7  
    8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 }+)fMZz  
    8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 vMA]j>>  
    8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Sh/T,  
    8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 8J:}%DaxL  
    8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 =d".|k  
    8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 &M46&^Jho  
    8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 M9!HQ   
    8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 C<NLE-  
    8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 6g|*`x{  
    8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 )Q1"\\2j0  
    8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 n"c)m%yZ  
    8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 8K.R=  
    8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 _"E%xM*r  
    A Linear Transformations 263 v4u5yy_;(  
    B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 YM1'L\^  
    C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 D&od?3}E  
    C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 igkYX!0#8O  
    C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 &|Bc7+/P  
    C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Kf>A\l^X7  
    D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 g l^<Q  
    D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 k`So -e-  
    D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 R9'b-5q  
    E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 tXoWwQD;Y  
    E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 wLi4G@jJ  
    E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 V}J)\VZ2#  
    E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 }T; P~aG  
    F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 kW *f.!  
    Bibliography 291 qs1 ?IYD  
    Index 299
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    1条评分光币+16
    mang2004 光币 +16 优秀文章,支持! 2016-06-25
     
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    离线measure123
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    只看该作者 1楼 发表于: 2016-06-21
    感谢分享,好书
    离线mang2004
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    只看该作者 2楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    经典,谢谢。
    离线herrok
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    只看该作者 3楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    谢谢楼主!
    离线mumapiaoyun
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    只看该作者 4楼 发表于: 2016-07-05
    好高深,了解学习下
    离线光强
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    只看该作者 5楼 发表于: 2016-07-06
    Speckle Phenomena
    离线东西南北
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    只看该作者 6楼 发表于: 2016-09-17
    学习来了  谢谢
    离线alvin1989
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    只看该作者 7楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    好书啊, 最近在做multimodefiber的实验,觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
    离线bairuizheng
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    只看该作者 8楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    谢谢。 Bj1?x  
    离线hesi
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    只看该作者 9楼 发表于: 2017-03-18
    很清楚,谢谢!