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    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications [复制链接]

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    只看楼主 倒序阅读 楼主  发表于: 2016-06-21
    Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications Is&0h|  
    BA(erf>  
    Joseph W. Goodman AS5' j  
    n#$sLXVy  
    Contents h @AKfE!\~  
    1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 v'RpsCov  
    1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4|U$ON?x  
    1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3']a1\sy^  
    1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 vG'6?%38  
    2 Random Phasor Sums 7 = y @*vl   
    2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 NVnId p  
    2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8FT]B/^&m  
    2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12  A:b(@'h  
    2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 f |%II,!3  
    2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 R`5g#  
    2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 amTeT o]Tg  
    3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 _ ck)yY?7  
    3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 S@Iza9\|@  
    3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 *qa.hqas  
    3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 *jR4OY|DXH  
    3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 u*}ltR~/  
    3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 TW?_fse*[  
    3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \qf0=CPw8  
    3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 C]EkVcKFA  
    3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ~ k"r  
    3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 jlxY|;gZ-0  
    3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 !),eEy  
    3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 0 i'bo*  
    3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 yopC <k  
    3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 R?t_tmKXC!  
    3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 y#T.w0*  
    3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 DHq#beN  
    3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 &=^YN"=Z  
    4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 _lG|t6y  
    4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 '\O[j*h^.  
    4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 "hmLe(jo}  
    4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 ]-j.\+(*  
    4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 !F:ANoaS  
    4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 ,xw1B-dx  
    4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 `5Bv2 wlIV  
    4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 >^6|^rc  
    4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 $PstEL  
    4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 [I?[N.v  
    4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 de/oK c  
    4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 bN\;m^xfu  
    4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 A` ~R\j  
    4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2$OV`qy@?  
    4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 v,'k 2H  
    4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height 1=Kt.tuf  
    Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \ 5.nr*5  
    4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 1Q_Q-Z  
    4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 iE EP~  
    4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 a<0q%A x  
    4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 S{m:Iij[;  
    4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of (|\%)v H-  
    Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 .mHVJ5^:4\  
    4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 \G#_z|'dN  
    4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 GbC@ |  
    4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Ay7PU  
    4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 /X]gm\x7s  
    4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 %iB,hGatE  
    4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 kQ]4Bo  
    4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 j0=F__H#@  
    4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 ZZw2m@T>  
    4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 K?nQsT;3p  
    4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 TMGYNb%<bX  
    4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 /mA\)TL|]  
    4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 .i {yW  
    4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 w\mTug  
    5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125  aGOS 9  
    5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 &q&~&j'[  
    5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 q*Oj5;  
    5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 |}2/:f#Iz*  
    5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 deQ {  
    5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 \2!.  
    5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 qnHjwMi  
    5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 sSf;j,7V  
    5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 T6b~uE  
    5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 [,MaAB  
    5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 JMk2OK {0  
    5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 CA1Jjm=  
    5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 _Ss}dU9  
    5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 cuC' o\f  
    5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 :_<&LO]Q  
    5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 *<:6A&'D9  
    5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 q %j8Js  
    6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 H s$HeAp;  
    6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 OLtXk  
    6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Wy\^}  
    6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Rp;"]Q&b  
    6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 QW'*^^  
    6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 w:9`R<L  
    6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 W[k rq_c-  
    6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 E7i/gY  
    6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 ,cxe"U  
    6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 0i"2s}^+_  
    6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Ie K+  
    6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 #eN2{G=4+  
    6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 CzY18-L@EX  
    6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 ]8R@2L3s  
    6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 tAo$; |  
    6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 1ni72iz\  
    6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 :Jf</uP_  
    6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 *- ~GVe  
    6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8KN 3|)  
    6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 s?s ,wdp  
    6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 .%dGSDru  
    6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 g-jg;Ri  
    6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 JU;`c>8=)  
    7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 Pwj|]0Y@  
    7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205  *  ]  
    7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 3M(*q4A$"  
    7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 j/Y]3RSMp  
    7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 N@O e[X8  
    7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 XZ{rKf2  
    7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 {qlcTc  
    7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 U}4I29M  
    7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 4!OGNr$V@  
    7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 ?-%(K^y4r  
    7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 tBfmjxv  
    7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 r7].48D  
    7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 rW|%eT*/'A  
    8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 ,;5%&T  
    8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Cg?Mk6i  
    8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 {}8C/4iP  
    8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 O9-`e  
    8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 $j(d`@.DN~  
    8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 h)fsLzn]Tf  
    8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 TQKcPVlE  
    8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 R2?s NlF  
    8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 L1I1SFG  
    8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 {$Uj&/IC  
    8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 7]{t^*  
    8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 LLT6*up$  
    8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 ^fe,A=k~1  
    8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 16]Ay&Kn!  
    8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 ~4Gc~"  
    8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 iLJ@oM;2  
    A Linear Transformations 263 PYWFz   
    B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 Y>/_A%vQU  
    C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 o~e_M-  
    C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 ab2Cn|F  
    C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 R) :Xs .  
    C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 &*'^uCna  
    D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 rQlQ^W$=?  
    D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 9xj }<WM  
    D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 4h_YVG]ur  
    E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 9B;WjXSe  
    E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 [zm@hxym  
    E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 ?;htK_E\*  
    E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 N?-ZvE\C  
    F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 m,t{D, 2  
    Bibliography 291 Nu?A>Q  
    Index 299
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    1条评分光币+16
    mang2004 光币 +16 优秀文章,支持! 2016-06-25
     
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    离线measure123
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    只看该作者 1楼 发表于: 2016-06-21
    感谢分享,好书
    离线mang2004
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    只看该作者 2楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    经典,谢谢。
    离线herrok
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    只看该作者 3楼 发表于: 2016-06-25
    谢谢楼主!
    离线mumapiaoyun
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    只看该作者 4楼 发表于: 2016-07-05
    好高深,了解学习下
    离线光强
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    只看该作者 5楼 发表于: 2016-07-06
    Speckle Phenomena
    离线东西南北
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    只看该作者 6楼 发表于: 2016-09-17
    学习来了  谢谢
    离线alvin1989
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    只看该作者 7楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    好书啊, 最近在做multimodefiber的实验,觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
    离线bairuizheng
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    只看该作者 8楼 发表于: 2016-11-24
    谢谢。 6E1~dK0t  
    离线hesi
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    只看该作者 9楼 发表于: 2017-03-18
    很清楚,谢谢!