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简介 cg]\R1Gm 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 .w.jT"uD! tJ_6dH8Y 模型 MHm=X8eg f4h|Nn%; 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 FK^JCs^ aLWNqe&1 Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 b,k%n_&n 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. %/K'VE6pb =Fd!wkB'{ 光源 m,u5S=3A{! 5Dhpcgq<< 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 /F(wb_! #TXN\YNP (F<VcB 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 ~"Kf+eFi 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 D^[}:O{ >BDK?YMx 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 5)T=^"IHXi iut[?#f^ 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 tm"9` BotGPk><c 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 fpDx)lQ 视网膜的散射 [\Ks+S {hXIP` 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 tfSY(cXg'T `YK2hr WRq:xDRn0 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 .[@TC@W 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 DR d|m<Z 9i&(VzY[= |#&{`3$CG[ 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 o!\Q, 脚本 9L`5r$/ ^-*q 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: =J2cX` ]ZkR~? 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 @y|ZXPC# 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 e(5:XHe 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 4;rt|X77 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 xla64Qld CJDnHuozc 分析 i42M.M6D $ J'Z!`R| 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 jGeil
qPC oCCTRLb02 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 gB&8TE~Y 脚本代码 ~ x!"( s>RtCw3, Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. ],?rFK{O 3@t&5UjwQ Dim entity As T_ENTITY 5i<E AKL Dim op As T_OPERATION *2?-6 Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL !LG 5q/}& Dim A As Double feSj3,<! Dim pupilDiam As Double y7x&/2 Dim eID As Long ;Sc}e/WJj Dim parID As Long Z4"SKsJT/> Dim count As Integer 1TOT}h5 Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double $jc&Tk# Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double <hJ%]] Dim curv As Double, conic As Double Q^B !^_M Dim ok As Long c,v?2*< >dr34=( Sub Main *-zOQ=Y &F8N$H '用户输入对话框 nn1T5; Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 ytWTJ>L TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 7,.3'cCL^ Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 "-WEUz OKButton 40,91,90,21 }[$qn| CancelButton 190,91,90,21 wWaJ%z>3y Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 ^#V7\;v$G TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 6]Vf`i End Dialog q
JdC5z\[ Dim dlg As UserDialog =k{ n! e /qKO9M5A ok = Dialog (dlg) M<%g )jn_ t&oNC6 If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed Z{MR#.I Print "Execution cancelled." Z [aKic End IwTAM9n End If Wv4x^nJ 4U;Zs3 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty mZ[tB/ If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then fH>I/% A = 0 'Default accommodation &nRbI:R Else |([|F|" A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) (FY<%.Pa End If kdam]L:9 w]%|^: If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then mF6 U{= pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter TTfU(w%&P Else q_R^Q>ZIe pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) T1([P!g* End If KkCA*GS FUD
M]:XQ Print " " pSPVY2qKX Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" N!TC}#}l Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" Mq#sSBE<K b.4H4LV ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation Q|CLis- taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness Wpdn^=dhL 2H]~X9,z2 Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens mDG=h6y"V CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens 0&W*U{0F\ 0o>l+c Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens c:@lR/oe" CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens F.DRGi.i U.kTdNSp tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness v!~ ;QO 5>nbA8 nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction &3:U&}I VOa7qnh4:[ 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation "fq8) oE;SZ"$x '************************************************************************* < 9 vS 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) }23#z '************************************************************************* #% 1|$V*: eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ^]_5oFRIj GetCustomElement eID, entity y?}R,5k jW<aAd parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) `Cv@16 br[n5 ' Delete any shift(s) in z 8euh]+ count = 0 `;R
[*7 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count mi>CHa+$ GetOperation eID, count, op Fb^Ae6/i If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then "AayU
DeleteOperation eID,count p&O-]o8 count=count-1 :8CYTEc End If vrr`^UB2 count=count+1 @&4s)&-F Wend V1
:aR3*! 8va&*J?
2 'Set new shift in -|/kg7IO\ op.Type = "ShiftZ" ss4<s
5:y op.val1 = taq |E7)s;}D op.parent = parID d=$1Z.] AddOperation eID, op M,WC+")Z= Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 yrgb6)]nm@ /qeSR3WC '************************************************************************* `(dRb 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens %CaUC' '************************************************************************* g0&Rl eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) F#
a)"$j; GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic L74Sx0nk= zB@@Gs> SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant BGSqfr1F Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant D,)^l@UP xdV $dDCT '************************************************************************* {R{Io| 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens noLb '************************************************************************* +'{@Xe} eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) Hrdz1:#6, GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic h=`1sfz {W5D) SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost <Ky6|&! Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost .:(N1n'>1 CNRiK;nQ '************************************************************************* xSal=a;k 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) ,2y" \_ '************************************************************************* aDreN*n pSml+A: parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) Ac@zTK6> |vLlEN/S ' Delete any z-shift(s) 3~uWrZ.u count = 0 R2%>y5dD While GetOperationCount(eID)>count 4 -dV%DgC GetOperation eID, count, op Hswgv$n If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then d mj T$a| DeleteOperation eID,count 1X45~ count=count-1 cYafQyU End If ~5xs$ub count=count+1 4CdST3 Wend z/IZ ;K_e x(UOt; 'Set new z-shift #ivN-WKCl op.Type = "ShiftZ" a!?&8$^< op.val1 = tlens nP+]WUnY op.parent = parID =C[2"Y4JK0 AddOperation eID, op C*f3PB=H_ Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens KW[Jft _H(:$=$Q '************************************************************************* dAZh# i[ 'Lens index of refraction ,7{}}l '************************************************************************* bR*/d-v^ eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) mI[$c"!BD GetModelMaterial eID, mat H|K}m,g e#uk+] mat.Nd = nlens \;%DDw SetModelMaterial eID, mat = Nd&My Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens ZvS|a~jO .-(s`2 '************************************************************************* 9j6 'Pupil diameter Q5N;MpJ- '************************************************************************* f/VrenZ_ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) 51\N+ npW1Z3n 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) BW61WH? Q;3v ]h_ SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" M-B - >cEB,@~ ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens @fVCGV?' parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" )
.LX8ko eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) hR] AUH count = 0 ^6Std
x_ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count 5>e3srKu GetOperation eID, count, op fy(i<L
Z If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then );cu{GY DeleteOperation eID,count =R>%}5
count=count-1 zz4.gkU End If JmR)
g count=count+1 oo:(GfO} Wend e0#/3$\aSV op.Type = "ShiftZ" N!`8-ap\^ op.val1 = taq-0.01 ;8G( l op.parent = parID =>0+BD AddOperation eID, op .skR4f,h NB z3j Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam :IZ(9=hs bwm?\l.A 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description PKx ewd eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 3gn)q>Xj$ GetEntity eID, entity :jFKTG
entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" 5G\CT&cQR SetEntity eID, entity &dino #()u=) Update l[2 d{r Print "DONE!" nVTCbV G2nL#l~@) End Sub ]J
t8]w G$5N8k[2 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: sh6F-g \xH#X=J Accommodation = 4 Diopters o*_O1P Pupil Diameter = 4 mm }^Unx W Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 1D0_k Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 Zm:Wig
,a Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 ,u^S(vxyz Set lens thickness = 3.927 ,=9e]pQ Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 n: ~y] Set pupil diameter = 4 {ZS-]|Kx DONE! 7H-,:8 yW$ja|^E (文章来源:讯技光电)
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