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简介 l G $s( 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 @h!nVf%fe O^KIB%}fu 模型 !Hx[
`3 >6A8+= 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 ^(~%'f @y(<4kLz Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 Mh8s @g 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. 4Bk9d\z Yqb3g(0 光源 y-lBaTE9 _7b' i6- 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 U$7]*#@& tWaM+W `
*q>E 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 wAF<_NG# 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 ]h?p3T$h Zk>#T:{h 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 kn&>4/') 4}Dfi5:
图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 2JL\1=k; n>W*y|UJ 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 =pd#U 视网膜的散射 GEtzLaq< x`Jh NAO> 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 ^]X\boWlI !U4<4<+ SYwB
#| 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 fzZ`O{$8 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 q6EZ?bo{ q}cm"lO$ _m*FHi 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 4~~G
i`XE 脚本 N;R I
A
IIO-Jr 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: L)X[$: ZK5
wZU 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 tA{hx- 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 F}c}I8Ao 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 'f-8P 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 8 t`lRWJ J=6(
4> 分析 hj,y l& 1C+d&U 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 Sy"!Q%+| @G^m+- 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 N~tq] 脚本代码 (D2N_l(`< `rb}"V+ Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. 1.I58(0~+ `oOVR6{K9 Dim entity As T_ENTITY nd~O*-uYg Dim op As T_OPERATION N"A`tc5& Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL {<Y\flj{@m Dim A As Double /~3kkM(Ty Dim pupilDiam As Double /a}`
y Dim eID As Long tL]T_]z Dim parID As Long SAhk `_ Dim count As Integer :gTtWJ04] Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double @:t2mz:^i Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double 3|PV. Dim curv As Double, conic As Double =w ! 6un Dim ok As Long [oOV@GE ET;-'vd Sub Main z[WdJN{ )6{,y{5! '用户输入对话框 / "@cv{ Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 h^'+y1 TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 T
3<2ds Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 b}!T!IP} OKButton 40,91,90,21 X#Hl<d2
CancelButton 190,91,90,21 ,"5][RsOn Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 5DL(#9F8b9 TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 #|K5ma End Dialog 95sK ;`rE+ Dim dlg As UserDialog }aL&3[>> upiYo(sN. ok = Dialog (dlg) 4 {+47=n ZG(Pz9{K If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed _ ( $U\FW Print "Execution cancelled." `5SQ4 End \G2PK&)F End If 2%vG7o,# bMGXx>x 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty ~z'Y(qG If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then \m#{{SGm A = 0 'Default accommodation m8Rt>DY Else {R?VB!dR A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) S5[}kfe End If MB+a?u0\ ufJHC06 If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then (w` j?c1 pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter \: R Akf< Else Sb^o`~ Eh pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) H@'u$qr$: End If BK1I_/_! 7
lu_E.Bv Print " " lsU`~3nr Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" C?g<P0h Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" ~^l;~& hVh,\d&2t ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation \f'= taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 7MIrrhk [y"Yi PK Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens \hP.Q;"MtO CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens ,Bl_6ZaL yC7lR#N8j0 Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens a}[rk*QmZ CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens (};/,t1#$ +|qw>1J( tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness 6t3Zi:=I JhvT+"~ nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction }$#PIyz \"b'Z2g 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation lQpl8> gnlU '************************************************************************* [`'K.-?# 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) VyWzb '************************************************************************* KgXu x-q eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ])?[9c GetCustomElement eID, entity *9(E0" o@ @| 4
F parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) |OIU)53A- &3:<WU:U ' Delete any shift(s) in z V^_U=Ed@M count = 0 C)ic;!$Qhb While GetOperationCount(eID)>count X?Or. GetOperation eID, count, op lD$\t/8B If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 8d(l)[GZt DeleteOperation eID,count oE)xL%* count=count-1 @ X5#? End If oiQ:&$y count=count+1 DS ;.)P" Wend u56F;y qUk-BG8^ 'Set new shift in UQjYWXvi op.Type = "ShiftZ" AsR}qqG op.val1 = taq GjbOc op.parent = parID nI/kX^Pd AddOperation eID, op Rg3g:TV9c Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 rq:sy=; oWq]\yT<` '************************************************************************* r`e6B!p 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens U5[r&Y
D '************************************************************************* @>+`1C eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) d3NER} f4V GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic AJ
z 1 >J{e_C2ZS SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant _ o== Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant l=C|4@ tv5N
wM '************************************************************************* h{^MdYJ 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens : :928y '************************************************************************* H=9{|%iS eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) #)4p,H GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic o)8VJ\ & g\ H~Y@'{ SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost !w/]V{9`X Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost rdH^"( u]P9ip"Z '************************************************************************* bVr`a*EM 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) EjP)e; '************************************************************************* \/9 O5`u*V ? 3oUkGfn parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) !8tqYY?>@\ ~I]aUN ' Delete any z-shift(s) lDVgW}o@ count = 0 &:~9'-O While GetOperationCount(eID)>count X$eR RSW GetOperation eID, count, op CIz_v.&: If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then df/7u}>9 DeleteOperation eID,count rd,!-w5 count=count-1 h~q5GhY!9 End If h<7@3Ur count=count+1 xPJ@!ks9 Wend Wr+1e1[ uJa.]J~L= 'Set new z-shift U"Y/PBs, op.Type = "ShiftZ" <2wC)l3j* op.val1 = tlens f||S?ns_ op.parent = parID Th4}$)yrkN AddOperation eID, op =[0|qGzg Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens \)W Z D Yw\lNhoPS '************************************************************************* Ac\e>N 'Lens index of refraction NleMZ '************************************************************************* fIn^a3TV eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) `2y?(BJp GetModelMaterial eID, mat *P?Rucg M]xfH * mat.Nd = nlens N w/it*f SetModelMaterial eID, mat Dy{lgT 0k Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens <(1[n
pS&+ !:v7SRUXb '************************************************************************* ViU5l*n; 'Pupil diameter NzS`s,N4/0 '************************************************************************* ED>P>Gg eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) ?>My&yB wWM[Hus 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) v=DC3oh- 3il$V78| SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" 4r#4h4`y|
|{MXDx ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens znAo]F9=J" parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) whFJ] eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) :.(A, count = 0 I~nz~U:ak While GetOperationCount(eID)>count (4/W)L$ GetOperation eID, count, op t(}g;O- If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 9zm2}6r4 DeleteOperation eID,count {
PS0.UZ count=count-1 CD4@0Z+ End If Ao\Im(? count=count+1 RL*b47, Wend *DvQnj op.Type = "ShiftZ" @QE&D+NS op.val1 = taq-0.01 z6|kEc"{ op.parent = parID @S 0mNA AddOperation eID, op g"\JiBb5 w"L]?# Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam -]G=Q1 1 *77Y$X##k 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description b&'YW*W eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) *d31fBCk% GetEntity eID, entity EXR6Vb, entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" y[GqV_~?Y SetEntity eID, entity I A$= x+v&3YF Update 7Rn
4gT Print "DONE!" k7]4TIUD* |o@U
L End Sub Z6&bUZF$bE (Dn1Eov 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: j|{
n? ^FZ9q Accommodation = 4 Diopters OyG2Ks"H Pupil Diameter = 4 mm qRq4PQ@ Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 bm h@SB Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 S|?P#.=GX Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 l< H nP R/ Set lens thickness = 3.927 OHv9|&Tpl Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 gUYTVp Vf Set pupil diameter = 4 8t|?b DONE! Pfd%[C/vdm X]dN1/_ (文章来源:讯技光电)
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