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简介 p%-;hL! 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 G]T&{3g-. o[aIQ|G 模型 U*\1d jE!?;} P1 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 V|)nUsU #D^(dz* Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 IgEVz^W?h 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. ^K0oJg.E 4[rX\?^e 光源 :'Tq5kE nZ4@g@e2 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 #Yx
/ubg6 Q*8efzgs| jdd3[ 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 LCMn9I 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 =\gK<Xh 8Ud.}<
Zi 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 t: 03 mV.26D<c 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 s]Z++Lh<{ VLC=>w\, 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 uOJso2Mx 视网膜的散射 3u oIYY T1c&3 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 3w8v.J8q V3$zlzSm, ~vKDB$2 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 b
q8nV 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 *~^M_wej VKu|=m2vB U]"6KS
图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 gM&4Ur 脚本 lh-zE5; J :l% 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: :8Ugz ~i R]N"P:wf@ 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 6t'vzcQs 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 4R&pb1eF 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 {i)FDdDGD 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 Thuwme sPRs;to- 分析 +K48c,gt? 3-_`x9u* 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 t]+h. v(l:N@L 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 g3c,x kaO 脚本代码 Oe&gTXo m]&y&oz Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. &,'CHBM ?-=<7
~$ Dim entity As T_ENTITY j=Z;M1 Dim op As T_OPERATION w%~Mg3| Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL
m">2XGCn Dim A As Double j5m]zh5\J= Dim pupilDiam As Double <1E5[9
q Dim eID As Long O[ug7\cl+ Dim parID As Long 6f&qtJQ<A Dim count As Integer uM2 .?>`X Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double oA4<AJ2 Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double ),I g u Dim curv As Double, conic As Double *_eY +\j Dim ok As Long 4^k+wQU QoS]QY'bZ Sub Main s[}cj+0 ~y1k2n '用户输入对话框 LuWY}ste Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 vpoJ{TPO
TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 M+WN \.2pX Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 /;`-[ OKButton 40,91,90,21 5c1{[ CancelButton 190,91,90,21 `A$zLqz)Vm Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 +,J!xy+~, TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 d8VFa'| End Dialog u=ZZ;%Rvd Dim dlg As UserDialog Duq.`XO *P+8^t#Vp ok = Dialog (dlg) h/7_I uD MG4(,"c! If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed J+YoAf`hi Print "Execution cancelled." 9.Yn]O End 8\m[Nuq5 End If G,XUMZ 1Wz5Iv#Ez 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty 0|FQIhVuY If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then .}3K9.hkr A = 0 'Default accommodation +{cCKRm Else sLW e \o A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) ,<fs+oi End If RT"JAJTi/ e4-7&8N+ If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then yOyuMZo6 pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter fi'\{!!3m^ Else :YNXS;>)! pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) eI+p End If v.Xmrry cTLW}4m%g Print " " :{~TG]4M Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" /y-8dgv0a Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" w s7LDY&( jWh}cM= ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation I1!m;5-c9k taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness K(Ak+&[ n(jrK9] Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens ;% 4N@Z CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens "@rXN"4 }N@+bNh~ Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens E 7"`D\* CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens ^Dys#^ 7z3YzQ=Kg tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness JmbWEX| Kj*$'(' nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction -{eI6#z|\A _+.
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'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation J;Veza Fd >epvR '************************************************************************* U46Z~B 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) ^zR*s |1Q '************************************************************************* :xsNn55b eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) SaA-Krn GetCustomElement eID, entity *w6(nG'M{ Hs(U|BXU parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) bw OG|\ VHx:3G ' Delete any shift(s) in z ^( 1S`z$ count = 0 w~WW2w While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ]gDX~]f[ GetOperation eID, count, op P#qQde/y If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then
@+!u{ DeleteOperation eID,count p-B
|Gr| count=count-1 /t_AiM,( End If $WG< count=count+1 3Hkb)Wu Wend Mtq^6`JJ' h|[oQ8) 'Set new shift in 01vKx)f op.Type = "ShiftZ" '%[r 9w op.val1 = taq g5~wdhpb op.parent = parID WXCZ
}l AddOperation eID, op VU\{<j{ Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 Ll0"<G2t swG!O}29OX '************************************************************************* #\gx.2W7 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens gtRs|| '************************************************************************* yIma7H@=L eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) @JpkG%eK GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic R9O1#s^ Mt%=z9OLq9 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant aYcc2N%C Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant GJn ~x p]J0A ^VV '************************************************************************* E<L6/rG 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens #iP5@:!Wm~ '************************************************************************* +X!QH/ 8 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) 6Wc'5t3 GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic n@y*~sG] 7aJ:kumDZ SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost $Ce;}sM Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost -*~~00w Qi\"b '************************************************************************* l]z=0 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) = K3NKPUI '************************************************************************* "E%3q 3|"l ,_RPy2N parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) zOA2chy4 `E-cf 7% ' Delete any z-shift(s) X"O^4MnvI count = 0 L~e{Vv8UR While GetOperationCount(eID)>count Fps:6~gD GetOperation eID, count, op FP9FE `x If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then XcM.<Dn3 DeleteOperation eID,count ($[)Tcq*~ count=count-1 -9^A,vX End If Ygfv? count=count+1 @&GfCg5Cb Wend MNd[Xzm wvlM( 'Set new z-shift Eg 8rgiU op.Type = "ShiftZ" OmAa$L,'w op.val1 = tlens lbiMB~rwI op.parent = parID qfsu# R AddOperation eID, op :V^|}C# Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens kyu
PN<? A,]%*kg2 '************************************************************************* Z$:iq 'Lens index of refraction to#N>VfD '************************************************************************* A7=k9| eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) (?lKedA>2 GetModelMaterial eID, mat Vc$y^|= +'!Y[7|9iv mat.Nd = nlens J:oAzBFpA SetModelMaterial eID, mat OGn-~
#E Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens 22r$Ri_> tLo_lLn*~% '************************************************************************* &AhkP=Yw 'Pupil diameter Tb<}GcwJ '************************************************************************* %3mh'Z -[f eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) B):hm c@/K} 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) SRek:S, `F4gal^ ^ SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" !nt[J$.z^ g0>Q* x ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens #7|73&u( parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) feG#*m2g eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) )k6kK} count = 0 ^]ig*oS\` While GetOperationCount(eID)>count se&Q\!&M GetOperation eID, count, op C5x*t Q| If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ;T*o
RS DeleteOperation eID,count `$i/f(t6` count=count-1 sX,S]:X End If "ot#g" count=count+1 >m#bj^F\ Wend ^b^}6L'Z op.Type = "ShiftZ" eq,`T; op.val1 = taq-0.01 aKC,{}f$m op.parent = parID %hCd*[Z}j AddOperation eID, op G*%:"qleT$ JUdQ Q Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam E8"$vl&c] 5Sx.'o$ 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description 'e:(61_ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) ?3a:ntX h GetEntity eID, entity /a?qtRw entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" YuFR*W;$ SetEntity eID, entity SaSj9\o /MZ^;XG Update Q?/qQ}nNw Print "DONE!" "WZ | 7mtX/w9 End Sub M$U Zn a9y+FCA 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: tQ(4UHqa~ Nx=rw h Accommodation = 4 Diopters IQeiT[TF Pupil Diameter = 4 mm ppzQh1 Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 6os{q`/Q]) Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 20cEE> Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 r1/9BTPKdJ Set lens thickness = 3.927 hO; XJyv Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 -mw`f)?Ev Set pupil diameter = 4 R'Uf#. DONE! FwUgMR*xq OxqkpK& (文章来源:讯技光电)
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