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简介 !'H$08Ql} X7!q/1$J 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 c*r H^Nz t8-P'3,Q$ 模型 s|WwBT R ABw(b 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 ]L~NYe9 (T*$4KGV Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 7_\F$bp` 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. wj6u,+ SAdT#0J 光源 zjA]Tr N" L&Z4Z 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 ~yJ 2@2I lQ?jdi ~)f^y!PMQ 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 J$51z 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 !hq2AY&H) e%cTFwX?n 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 Kkp dcc T[$-])iK 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 > T* `Y0P yU!1q}L! 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 hY.i`sp*/ 视网膜的散射 dJgLS^1E kL1<H%1' 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 3A`Gx# GCJ[x n(_ B,\VLX 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 0S4BV%7F 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 Wa|V~PL+T ~uc7R/3ss d 5yEgc;z 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 D#LV&4e>.E 脚本 l$/pp 2yK">xYY@ 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: Wu{=QjgY
;v.[aq 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 Ef#LRcG-Z 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 Nhs!_-_I 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 JVuju$k 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 &MSU<S?1 M?lh1Yu" 分析 H<Sf0>OA `sKyvPtG 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 M,fL(b;2 Oin9lg-jR 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 =3X>Ur 脚本代码 | @AXW I&+.I K_ Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. OPNRBMD -F7F 6!s Dim entity As T_ENTITY 1*8;)#%& Dim op As T_OPERATION 4SI~y;c) Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL <(KCiM=E$ Dim A As Double 5e+j51 Dim pupilDiam As Double :gV~L3YW5 Dim eID As Long >T[/V3Z~K Dim parID As Long itzUq,T Dim count As Integer (%fQhQ Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double ~Y/A]N86, Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double geR
:FO;\ Dim curv As Double, conic As Double fi
HE`]0 Dim ok As Long ;}+M2Ec51 ,LA'^I? Sub Main (C.
$w y5sH7`2+5 '用户输入对话框 2G~{x7/[@ Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 w80X~ TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 LWM<[8wJ4 Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 9;L 4\ OKButton 40,91,90,21 mEJ7e# CancelButton 190,91,90,21 XKTDBaON Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 Leb
Kzqe TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 BsFO]F5mmX End Dialog dCoP
qKy Dim dlg As UserDialog ?1ey$SSU] uJ2ZHrJ ok = Dialog (dlg) 4<($ZN8 9&*
7+! If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed Sl8+A+ Print "Execution cancelled." @m5J%8>k End <~dfp End If +DRt2a# fJ/INL 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty [k$GUU,jY If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then %:~Ah6R1 A = 0 'Default accommodation gg`{kN^r.a Else rpiuFst A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) 4dbX!0u1l End If 0G8@UJv6 *B3f ry If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then 0hoMf=bb$ pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter US)i"l7:H* Else k\O<pG[U pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) M1eh4IVE? End If ) 'xyK ?>+uO0*S Print " " ug]2wftlQ Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" -dovk?'Gj
Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" LhAN( [ a>vxox) % ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation IER;d\_V< taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 2@MpWj4 YA,.C4=s Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens #MYoy7= CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens 1?QVtfwY l0G{{R0Y Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens yr+QV:oVA CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens )s>|;K{ 6|p8_[e` tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness }$<v WblH} nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction N_
ODr]L Vl$RMW@Ds 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation 3DO*kM1s@ q2xAx1R`sV '************************************************************************* j?C[ids< 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) Q.$/I+&j '************************************************************************* 7a_8007$l eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) C)m@/w GetCustomElement eID, entity 06HU6d, Uhvy2}w parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) y3(~8n p*W{*wZ_^ ' Delete any shift(s) in z !QdX+y<re count = 0 \GHj_r While GetOperationCount(eID)>count n=b!c@f4 GetOperation eID, count, op x(>XM:| If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then B[mZQ&Gz`a DeleteOperation eID,count CHS}tCfos> count=count-1 ~Q"qz<WO End If rui 8x4c count=count+1 EiD41N Wend ipu~T)} I[A<e]uK 'Set new shift in !JdZ0l op.Type = "ShiftZ" V9ZM4.,OCN op.val1 = taq lrPIXIM op.parent = parID q !}~c AddOperation eID, op L|{v kkBo Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 X%I@4 B7Ts !*DYdqQ/ '************************************************************************* w:I!{iX 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens -AL^ '************************************************************************* %a8e_ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) 7lYf+&JZ GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic {y{O ze F'wG% SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant LTx,oa:ma Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant A~{vja0? Z[!kEW '************************************************************************* e2%mD.I 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens I7h v'3u '************************************************************************* L8E4|F} eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) @(6P L^I GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic p1GP@m,^n0 >t9DI SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost uu-M7>+ Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost >BJBM | KWYjN
h#* '************************************************************************* /^K-tz-R 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 0T@axQ[% '************************************************************************* SPe%9J+ v!DU ewz parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) `o{_+Li9 Ei2M~/ ' Delete any z-shift(s) 6*1f -IbV count = 0 ( ?e
Et& While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ,<7HLV GetOperation eID, count, op #xR=U" If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then @G>eCj DeleteOperation eID,count 5%K|dYv^^ count=count-1 d=\TC'd"{ End If $BLd>gTzmv count=count+1 I(3YXv
VN Wend 7#&Q-3\: mq}uq9< 'Set new z-shift DoBQ$Ke p op.Type = "ShiftZ" 1TzwXX7 op.val1 = tlens ^\S~rW.3_ op.parent = parID Vv`94aQTD AddOperation eID, op av'[k< Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens -:!Wds ~USyN'5lU7 '************************************************************************* ^IvQdVB 'Lens index of refraction W}k/>V_ '************************************************************************* RP 6<#tq, eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) !u:;Ew GetModelMaterial eID, mat EpT^r8I 'aeuL1mz mat.Nd = nlens b'4}=Xpn SetModelMaterial eID, mat ;i [;% Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens 7uu\R=$ 2H] 7 =j '************************************************************************* ,l,q;]C% 'Pupil diameter EKuLt*a/ '************************************************************************* VV[Fb9W ; eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) AnE]
kq u roi,?B_8 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) 6#:V3 ; t3v_o4`& SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" q&:%/?)x ,t*H: * ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens "ChJR[4@ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) d&ff1(j( eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) pI_:3D
xe count = 0 pOB<Bx5t While GetOperationCount(eID)>count e?o/H GetOperation eID, count, op &-My[t If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then }:s.m8LC5n DeleteOperation eID,count s|[qq7 count=count-1 ^FTS'/Q End If VTX6_&Hc1g count=count+1 *k?y+}E_f Wend kf95 )iLo op.Type = "ShiftZ" #7YJ87<E op.val1 = taq-0.01
# xX op.parent = parID c:B` < AddOperation eID, op M D&7k,! wq8&2(|Fc Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam JZ>
(h aM_O0Rn== 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description 9@nd>B eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) {=,I>w]T|W GetEntity eID, entity l&Y'5k_R entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" vr6YE;Rs SetEntity eID, entity r&F
6ZCw 9.9B#? Update :/"5x Print "DONE!" ^nFP#J)_5 0<f.r~ End Sub (bB"6
#TI v@J[qpX 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: i{Du6j^j ,.|/B^jV Accommodation = 4 Diopters rz%^l1@- Pupil Diameter = 4 mm :FmH=pI!= Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 6 =G=4{q Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 Z@>kqJ% Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 Y%}N@ ,lT Set lens thickness = 3.927 cT;Zz5 Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 x2OAkkH\]i Set pupil diameter = 4
rrphOG DONE! Qf'g2
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