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简介 TgTnqR@/ 'JdkUhq1V 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 ?f*Q>3S) ewuXpv%vwW 模型 R*zO
dxY `^(jm 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 QN>7~=` FG%j{_Ez Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 !Y<oN~<%) 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. _1*7Z=| Olfn 光源 2 $ !D* < R0;efD 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 x|0:P sE b?Pj< tA %d m-?` 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 'r} zY-FM` 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 mmEp'E ?X9]HlH 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 IN7<@OS7 _Mc>W0'5@ 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 y/? &pKH^ m7=1%6FN3 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 TFR(
4W 视网膜的散射 6P`)%zj !r+IXuqV,! 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 kax\h ~~F2Ij -6=<#9R 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 D H^T x 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 Y-~~,Yl~ td{O}\s7D .5> 20\b2 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 }:z5t,u6 脚本 TNY4z(r 6+dn*_[Z6 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: DlyMJ#a J?n<ydZSH 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 c 5`US 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 {13!vS%5 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 ekQrW%\3 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 %*z-PT22 DB`QsiC) 分析 ~^N]yb WxGSv#u 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 XTqm] :Dl%_l 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 4B-yTyO 脚本代码 DFe;4BdC Omag)U)IPh Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. sI 4yG ~# 7wdP Dim entity As T_ENTITY -NM0LTF Dim op As T_OPERATION \
Aq;Q? Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL zuL7%qyv Dim A As Double xi'<y Dim pupilDiam As Double tkuc/Z/@ Dim eID As Long h3Fo-]0 Dim parID As Long FN
)d1q(~ Dim count As Integer I__ 4I{nI Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double _$/
+D:K Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double 8SnS~._9 Dim curv As Double, conic As Double [cU,!={ Dim ok As Long mog9 jw s&*yk p Sub Main H3 m8 w@]jpH;WX '用户输入对话框 O|v
(58A Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 .
%(^mK)zQ TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 2HOe__Ns Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 s` >H OKButton 40,91,90,21 3;$bS<> CancelButton 190,91,90,21 r(uP!n1+ Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 RTd^ImV TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 "D> ]ES%5 End Dialog Li`hdrO'ii Dim dlg As UserDialog )&Z>@S^ c<qe[iyt/ ok = Dialog (dlg) rm+v(& PM~*|(fA If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed JmWR{du Print "Execution cancelled." Sa]Ek* End W\ULUK End If C;#"td eihZp 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty t.3\/ If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then r7XD&Y A = 0 'Default accommodation hhq$g{+[ Else B!q?_[k, A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) ^!@*P,'I End If #)i&DJ^Y S|2VP8xY9 If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then 1=TSJ2{9 pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter Hptq,~_t Else h=f6~5l5 pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) Z>{*ISvpq End If Pe,;MP\2 PHkDb/HIx| Print " " <kc]L x Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" 3bH5C3(u Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" >6K4b/.5w j:?N!*r= ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation Rrz'(KSDw taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 0}-#b7eR U(A4v0T Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens pYGYy'%A' CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens ZKsQ2"8{M ;l`X!3 Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens q6)p*}- CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens )_pt*xo j&llrN tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness |M _%QM. zg0%>iqO nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction '^lUL) R \6c8z/O7 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation :xN8R^( Uf[T _ '************************************************************************* U$@83?O{iM 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) b60[({A\s& '************************************************************************* oYg/*k7EDX eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 45r|1<R o GetCustomElement eID, entity YZ{jP?x qV?sg parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 1bDJ}M~]z <!hpfTz* ' Delete any shift(s) in z hqWPf count = 0 -}AE\qXs/ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count 7Ff?Ysr GetOperation eID, count, op J2Y 3er If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then q1<Fg.-r DeleteOperation eID,count I-,X wj- count=count-1 ~\-r End If V[To,f count=count+1 J(&Gmk9& Wend e7hO;=?b' :MdEr//w 'Set new shift in #
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Bce op.Type = "ShiftZ" +Gp!cGaAm op.val1 = taq )MMhlcNC op.parent = parID S--/<a2 AddOperation eID, op A@\qoS[ Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 \/X{n*Hw? kkHTbn=! '************************************************************************* wFn@\3%l` 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens o9~h%& '************************************************************************* Qlf
9]ug) eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) &l?N:(r GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic % Mw' e/? K]%N-F>r SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant nh?9R& Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant giQ{Xrj '?z9,oW{ '************************************************************************* 1Q0%7zRirI 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens $8EV,9^U '************************************************************************* Gmqs`{tc eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) v hR twi GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic [U%.Gi .Kg|f~InO SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost P} +2>EU Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost W{L b1eK(F '************************************************************************* $hyqYp"/; 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) -qs(2^ '************************************************************************* (QA-"9v#i, D9e+ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 0>I]=M]@ Wk0>1 rlu ' Delete any z-shift(s) 9"[!EKW count = 0 v&k>0lV,^ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count o(?VX`2" GetOperation eID, count, op TEH*@~P" If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then Y]D7i?3N DeleteOperation eID,count Mp]yKl count=count-1 8=lHUn9l End If HVtr,jg count=count+1 deR$ Wend ;"d?_{>7 bbE bf !E 'Set new z-shift CsJ)Z%4_ op.Type = "ShiftZ" :;" aUHU' op.val1 = tlens Eqz4{\
op.parent = parID P-/XYZ]` AddOperation eID, op j CTQsV Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens ORV}j,Ym c^i"}2+ '************************************************************************* fcgDU *A% 'Lens index of refraction v_?s1+w '************************************************************************* B2ek&<I7N eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) "N?%mCPI GetModelMaterial eID, mat GInZ53cQ .g6PrhzFbk mat.Nd = nlens f:x9Y{Y SetModelMaterial eID, mat >N+bU{s Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens WHpUjyBP 3p?<iVE '************************************************************************* r`&2-] 'Pupil diameter zIAu3 '************************************************************************* RTg Q#<W8 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) d- Z+fz }[=xe(4]D 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) 4~MJ4: :_{{PY0PK SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" zkT`] @`J Q`@$j,v ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens
d'Ik@D]I parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) t+W=2w& eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) uv~qK:Nw( count = 0 z^ a6%N While GetOperationCount(eID)>count tpNtoqg_$ GetOperation eID, count, op :XPC0^4s If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then uK4'n+_>\ DeleteOperation eID,count He0N count=count-1 6`s%%v End If 8XS{6< count=count+1 qmue!Fv#g Wend Z3abem<Q op.Type = "ShiftZ" IQk# op.val1 = taq-0.01 c:@OX[## op.parent = parID aCYm$6LmA AddOperation eID, op JK:mQ_ V&4:nIS>z Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam 4U! .UNi aCH:#|B 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description O{i_?V_ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) C#**) GetEntity eID, entity rjpafGCp entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" lM|WOmD SetEntity eID, entity CtC`:!Q "{ry 9?z Update -t~B@% Print "DONE!" $?/Xk%d+ vN%j-'D\A4 End Sub ^;k _ -o!,,XYj . 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: 9+is?Pj hRy}G'0 Accommodation = 4 Diopters ,^+R%7mv Pupil Diameter = 4 mm H;t8(-F@' Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 4h_4jqf=pU Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 @X6#$ex Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 $m: a-.I Set lens thickness = 3.927 F;X q:e8 Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 qn"T?
O Set pupil diameter = 4 ^qus `6 DONE! '3u]-GU2_
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