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简介 IBT1If3 IonphTcU! 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 rpB0?h!$ k_o$ Ci 模型 w
\ U?64 xWiR7~E 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 *eF'<._[U M:PEY*4H Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 sB~ |V
< 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. e+TSjm 9I|D"zXn 光源 {V7W!0;! _HAtTW 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 6zZT5
Kn 0xEr`]]U _9pcHhJux 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 ^b;3Jj 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 #n_ gry!5 Y\
C"3+I 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 (zmLMG(R @'~7O4WH 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光
A)5;ae 83i;:cn 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 ['%$vnS5S 视网膜的散射 )` ^/Dj; A!:R1tTR;S 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 zMg(\8 (g*mC7 HN EK%J%NY 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 2{6%+>jB 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 M669G;w(K *-vH64e '44I}[cA/ 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 N0V`xrS 脚本 INRP@Cp1 8+n*S$ 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: _, r6t kZK1{ 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 \hO}3;*& 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 GQ8A}gwH 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 (^~0%1 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 sLOkLz"x wZs jbNf`K 分析 <*@!>6mS Htm;N2$d 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 XEL~y .P(Ax:g 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 wlEmy.)H 脚本代码 (
d1ho= 6sQY)F7p Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. L$3{L"/ zLSha\X Dim entity As T_ENTITY }08Sv=XM Dim op As T_OPERATION ai]KH7 Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL ,R7RXpP7t Dim A As Double eAK=ylF; Dim pupilDiam As Double !E~czC\p6 Dim eID As Long 87-z=>IU Dim parID As Long l H{~?x Dim count As Integer El^V[s'3 Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double 5,#aN}v#? Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double b~C^cM Dim curv As Double, conic As Double N+zR7`AG8 Dim ok As Long c9ea%7o{0a BMH?BRi Sub Main !a7YM4D }PX8#C_P '用户输入对话框 e8U6D+jY Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 swfjKBfw+g TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 H03R?S9AQ Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 &9khIJIn OKButton 40,91,90,21 'EO"0, CancelButton 190,91,90,21 o<L=l Q Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 h/NI5 TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 ZJ%iiY End Dialog >/9Qgyc0 Dim dlg As UserDialog Id?2(Tg 1$nuh@-ys ok = Dialog (dlg) i{}Q5iy t&MLgu If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed F
@uOXNz) Print "Execution cancelled." |HQFqa< End bI :cYn1 End If UJ^-T+fut yUX<W'-Hev 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty K}!YXy h If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then
PX5U) A = 0 'Default accommodation "vo
o!&< Else n7,LfO# A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) ADT8A."R[ End If K{`3,U2Wx #OsUF,NU If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then }3S6TJ+ pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter iz:O]kI Else :Y[?@/m4 pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) <*+Y]= End If VcORRUp %!V =noo Print " " ?dQ#%06mn Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" PHg(O:3WG Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" gacE?bW' 7DB!s@"
' Calculate new parameters with accommodation X~rHNRIU taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness PaBqv] F=V_ACU Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens m8z414o CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens [OwrIL T#=&oy7 Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens `YK%I8 CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens $m0-IyXcv M6*8}\ tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness D|"^
:Gi eS; W>d nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction Wf9K+my v$EgVcK 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation z{G@t0q =>Dw,+" '************************************************************************* 7w5 L?,a 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) H
JjW '************************************************************************* ~MZ.988:< eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ^A;(#5A]7 GetCustomElement eID, entity
4d )Q RLUH[[ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) W=?s-*F[~ i`vgD<} ' Delete any shift(s) in z 1/vcj~|)t count = 0 Z=y^9] While GetOperationCount(eID)>count
?ubIh.d GetOperation eID, count, op #)28ESj If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then %|gj46 DeleteOperation eID,count Iw;J7[hJ&$ count=count-1 Xd@x(T~'X End If `I)ftj% count=count+1 qh~S)^zFJ Wend tC'@yX w\Bx=a>vc 'Set new shift in etLA F op.Type = "ShiftZ" '/K-i.8F op.val1 = taq rQ$Jk[Y op.parent = parID \:d|'r8OCM AddOperation eID, op 7s'r3}B` Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 P1}Fn:Xe%7 CsW*E,|xyP '************************************************************************* qC$h~Epp4 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens "T'?Ah6 '************************************************************************* 1F58 2 l eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) eXsFPM GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic *<T,Fyc| F/zbb SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant <aEY=IF4 Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant S!wY6z d&[.=M\E8 '************************************************************************* Q.]RYv}\ 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens >XiTl;UU '*************************************************************************
C#x9RW eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) ]U,f}T"e GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic vW:XM0 {Tym# SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost ZsikI@? Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost +x"cWOg Lv`NS+fX '************************************************************************* f;PvXq<7" 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 6KzdWT '************************************************************************* rezH5d6z62 C!r9+z)< parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) sVJwe\! WQT;k0;T] ' Delete any z-shift(s) FD*w4U5 count = 0 "vnWq=E2 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ^@0-E@ {c
GetOperation eID, count, op 0/Wo":R: If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then /\&Wk;u3 DeleteOperation eID,count "O,TL*$ count=count-1 _N-JRM m< End If 09>lx$ count=count+1 -8r9DS-/W Wend q[w.[] Q~p[jQ,4wZ 'Set new z-shift y $K#M op.Type = "ShiftZ" \.7O0Q{ op.val1 = tlens <BNCo5* op.parent = parID |p1pa4%} AddOperation eID, op KoPhPH Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens M)oJ06`K !@<>S>uGG '************************************************************************* EL[N%M3 'Lens index of refraction VD*xhuy$k '************************************************************************* ^?3e?Q? eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) #FfUkV GetModelMaterial eID, mat P_f>a?OL: @94_'i7\ mat.Nd = nlens 0Tm"Zh?B| SetModelMaterial eID, mat u*NU MT2 Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens 5Se
S^kJC !Y3
*\ '************************************************************************* oqOXRUy 'Pupil diameter 3g#fX{e_5! '************************************************************************* zkt+"P{az[ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) *?#t (Y[ ]k(n_+! 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) MFyMo jBvZ>H+w~ SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" _\P9~w
` p2UZqq2 ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens |H)WJ/` parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) !PfI e94{` eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) !%x=o& count = 0 cO#e
AQf7 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ]eJjffx GetOperation eID, count, op jR^>xp; If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then (!nhU DeleteOperation eID,count Q7]VB p4 count=count-1 p?X`f# End If kS$HIOt823 count=count+1 (]yOd/ru/C Wend 3??*G8Yp op.Type = "ShiftZ" dD2N!umW op.val1 = taq-0.01 z5CWgN op.parent = parID $z9z'^HqO AddOperation eID, op &&w7- z.9
#AN=&[ Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam "KY9MBzPD GA{Q6]B 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description A|BvRZd eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) J!QzF)$4J GetEntity eID, entity (BgO< entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" wNuS'P_(:T SetEntity eID, entity !Z7
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Update ms8PFu(f Print "DONE!" NC 0H5 SR#%gR_SC End Sub >Hr0ScmN@" 1u\fLAXn 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据:
")U`W gx `j59MSuK Accommodation = 4 Diopters \jdpL1 Pupil Diameter = 4 mm wR;_x x Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 Kt%`]Wp Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 IkSzjXE{ Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 ;X u&['
Set lens thickness = 3.927 "R$ee^ Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 rs@,<DV)u Set pupil diameter = 4 :8;8-c DONE! Pl=X<Bp
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