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简介 h2&y<Eg > t&pGQ 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 q2Rf@nt I7b i@t 模型
?360SQ< E!dp~RwZu 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 qL>v&Rd< ".M:`BoW4 Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 YE_6OLW 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. x:C@)CAr D2?S,9+E_ 光源 0x4l5x$8 #W^_]Q=5R' 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 2$DSBQEx s[Gswd HSql)iT 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 H` Lu"EK 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 :3gFHBFDj }JGq 1 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 /xf.\Z7< bQpoXs0w; 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 6>lW5U^yA\ 2+Vp'5>& 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 rxArTpS{.# 视网膜的散射 Y)v% aLHrl6" 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 K_FBy d~,n_E$q; R{ 4u|A?9 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 _UaPwJ 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 LiF.w:} 6<+8}`@B>G gvK"*aIj 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 ',%5mF3j 脚本 >["Kd.ye xNx`J@xt$ 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: ~"\P~cg0J LsnXS9_ 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 E8
\\X 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 F-i&M1\_ 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 nT)~w
s 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 {6DpPw^ " 7%X+O8 分析 o`25 ruWye1X; 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 HN^w'I'bp pM,#wYL 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 &9k"9 脚本代码 z[%[bs2{ DU(X,hDBF Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. 9.jG\i 2Sv>C `FMU Dim entity As T_ENTITY 1ME|G"$ ; Dim op As T_OPERATION @RQ+JYQi Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL @i\7k(9:A Dim A As Double 0;'j!`l9 Dim pupilDiam As Double +)% ,G@-` Dim eID As Long *:k~g].Iz Dim parID As Long ;k-g_{M Dim count As Integer [+yGDMLs Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double T$f:[ye]Z Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double JHHb | Dim curv As Double, conic As Double Bc5YW-QD Dim ok As Long $]xE$dzJ 6Uch0xha! Sub Main -i2D#i' oM-b96 '用户输入对话框 e?|d9;BO Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 o$*bm6o TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 USH@:c#t Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 !>?4[|?n< OKButton 40,91,90,21 ccIDMJ=2 CancelButton 190,91,90,21 `4se7{'UK` Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 jo]m12ps TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 Zjw!In|vC End Dialog 3}v0{c Dim dlg As UserDialog ':5Trx >cC Gx ok = Dialog (dlg) ]:[)KZ~ XL{{7%j If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed [P (rY Print "Execution cancelled." L.R"~3 End 8ct+?-3g End If ~5x4?2 sDW"j\ 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty Cb4d|yiS8 If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then i7Y
s_8A"9 A = 0 'Default accommodation j=`y
@~ Else J
r=REa0 A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) 7O;BS}Lv= End If =ip~J<sw& 9/@FADh If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then GLbc/qs pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter ,AGM?&A Else {o Q(<&Aw pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) tg4LE?nv End If u&hDjE m^W*[^p Print " " !Qj)tS#Az Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" }[XB]Xf Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" G~b`O20N `</=AY> ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation Qivf|H619 taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 7C,<iY s8`}x _k= Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens v
Ie=wf~D` CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens 1Xk{(G<\ 9&|12x$ Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens [qO5~E`; CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens AQJ|^'% ,)B~cic'u tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness C}M0XW
ox i
a} nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction
o>/uW8 r_!{!i3B 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation e>ZbZy? *o:BoP=S '************************************************************************* @'k,\$ / 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) ;W$w=j:
O{ '************************************************************************* Pl>nd)i` eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) iMOPD}`IX GetCustomElement eID, entity jWO&SW so t(uB66(_F parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) ue^?/{OuT V{a}#J ' Delete any shift(s) in z z<3}TD count = 0
]*kP> While GetOperationCount(eID)>count =DmPPl{ GetOperation eID, count, op /Gh
x2B If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then EA%#/n DeleteOperation eID,count b7>-aem@I count=count-1 ^-csi End If !"o1ve`{ count=count+1 ^>vO5Ho. Wend it/C y\f )|59FOWg 'Set new shift in :3E8`q~c1 op.Type = "ShiftZ" 0IT20.~ op.val1 = taq dZ;~b(CA op.parent = parID $z`cMQ r AddOperation eID, op z</XnN Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 ATXx?
b8h Wj '************************************************************************* L&3Ar' 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens n'x`oI)- '************************************************************************* g O\f:Pg eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) ;k63RNT,M& GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic e5"-4udCn Js^r]=\F' SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant f4aD0.K.g| Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant t<EX#_i, 7Da^Jv k '************************************************************************* gl(6m`a> 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens ,pGCgOG#}c '************************************************************************* -V<=`e eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) dTU.XgX)1^ GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic Fm[?@Z&wP ek0;8Ds9 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost l66ipgw_^I Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost !z4Hj{A_ 0F;(_2V- '************************************************************************* 40l#'< y; 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) MR l*rK '************************************************************************* At^DY!3vx d= T9mj.@ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) )lngef
/D_ >/OXC+=^4 ' Delete any z-shift(s) DT7-v4Zd count = 0 ?`[ uh% While GetOperationCount(eID)>count RGPU~L GetOperation eID, count, op (1r>50Ge If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then PUFW^"LV DeleteOperation eID,count exrt|A]_[ count=count-1 @ T~#Gwv End If GWkJ/EX count=count+1 C{I8Pio{b Wend 7+Jma! o PB3!; 'Set new z-shift *IO;`k q,; op.Type = "ShiftZ" %N_S/V0` op.val1 = tlens C_khd" op.parent = parID 5\*wX.wp AddOperation eID, op 0.+Z;j Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens $nd-[xV wGQ hr=" '************************************************************************* B6!<@*BI 'Lens index of refraction |~"A:gf '************************************************************************* u>i+R"hi" eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) p~zTRnm GetModelMaterial eID, mat 0f#a_ jiB>.te mat.Nd = nlens (9[C0e S SetModelMaterial eID, mat :M?') Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens $^+KR]\q i\R\bv[9 '************************************************************************* D(ntVR 'Pupil diameter ,DUQto '************************************************************************* M0IqQM57N eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) Vi-!E !m O] zn 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) +mQC:B7> . eag84_ SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" VEYKrZA n YMf[kW ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens kE(-vE9 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) i^V4N4ux] eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) YHv,Z|.w count = 0 PNxO\Rc While GetOperationCount(eID)>count f!kdcr=/" GetOperation eID, count, op mt6uW+t/ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then xA1pDrfC/ DeleteOperation eID,count DBrzw+;e3 count=count-1 mbG^fy' End If AeQ&V d| count=count+1 B46H@]d#7K Wend y42T.oK8c op.Type = "ShiftZ" ~Wd8>a{w op.val1 = taq-0.01 5}^08Xl op.parent = parID !";$Zu AddOperation eID, op ?;7>`F6ld bzL;)H4Eo Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam iW%0pLn *wZV*)} 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description
?|rw=% eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) -+2xdLa63 GetEntity eID, entity M]zNW{Xt entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" - OGy-" SetEntity eID, entity Evgq}3 7(iRz Update .8xacVyK2 Print "DONE!" I8wVvs;k 1UWgOCc End Sub n{NgtH\V )s[S.`STz 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: mztq7[&- %iFIY=W Accommodation = 4 Diopters 4!W?z2ly~R Pupil Diameter = 4 mm MBrVh6z> Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 DMpd(ws Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 \B+SzW Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 !/9Sb1_ ~ Set lens thickness = 3.927 D_kzR Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 (w Set pupil diameter = 4 ,'DrFlI DONE! nk.Eq[08
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