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简介 AKpux,@xB d|TIrlA 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 :* 'i\ $\bH5|Hk] 模型 oI>;O# !hq7R]TC+ 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 I$Z"o9" Rww KPE Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 O/k4W# 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. _ReQQti[ lY 1m% 光源 /nrDU* IQM!dC 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 ri:fo'4TO {M$1?j"7 +LUL-d 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 T>c;q%A/ 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 5}m2D=' ?eu=0|d 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 #zXDh3%]a \z_@.Jw{ 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 '.iUv#j4Sh gs!{'=4wT 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图
R+m{nO~r 视网膜的散射 }$7Hf+G }LM_VZj 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 &L/C:<. %pMW5]H 6wF?FtT 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 H(pOR<` 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 EGs z{c[8@ Kg.E~ nyIb8=f 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 toQn]MT 脚本 HsO=%bb $/D@=Pkc 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: 9A6ly9DIS y,%w` 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 ^)SvH 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 pG"
4qw 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 A.y$.( 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 nBNZ@nD N+r~\[N\9 分析 -F*j` .z_^_@qdm 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。
W6a2I Kkd7D_bZ* 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 ALKhZFuz 脚本代码 :dK%=j*ZK 0S' EnmG Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. 0]" j, ak NJL\b Dim entity As T_ENTITY =^{^KHzIl3 Dim op As T_OPERATION _ p?q/-[4 Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL E&97;VH Dim A As Double = U^B,q Dim pupilDiam As Double L\b$1U!i Dim eID As Long \ ,?yj Dim parID As Long [*1c.&%( Dim count As Integer MHgS5b2 Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double 08'JT{i id Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double NoPM!.RU{ Dim curv As Double, conic As Double iG<|3I Dim ok As Long tmm\V7sJ [%b<%m}L- Sub Main r"0nUf*og: au GN~"n^ '用户输入对话框 !x,3k\M Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 #|'8O TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 4 ba1c Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 `E}2|9 OKButton 40,91,90,21 Sm-nb*ZyC CancelButton 190,91,90,21 | o+vpy Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 A?_2@6Y^ TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 /A_
IS ` End Dialog GM@TWwG-B Dim dlg As UserDialog 7C&`i}/t b?r0n] ok = Dialog (dlg) bi,%QZZ & ??)gMM[ If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed I{M2nQi Print "Execution cancelled." {"@ Bf<J# End $i =-A End If E
fqa*,k F`Pu$>8C 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty &*0!${B If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then y{kXd1, A = 0 'Default accommodation bf}r8$, Else /0(4wZe~? A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) BL]^+KnP End If _Jx?m EkJo.'0@ If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then *A_ pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter u_mm*o~)g Else >+8mq]8^ pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) 8o~\L=
l End If 2*Gl|@~N ."3 J;j Print " " 4$_8#wB1& Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" "b2Mk-qP Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" 89WuxCFS GF
k?Qf{u ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation DrW]`%Ql taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness B:9Z;g@& n+xM)) Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens pKp#4Js CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens !CEF@J o2%"Luf< Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens |z5olu$gVc CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens -'ZP_$sA c5Offnq'1 tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness ,ll!19y DNL
TJrN nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction &\1Dy}: GZO,]%z 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation HLk/C[`u, ~-.q<8
'************************************************************************* {x-g?HB 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) Q}I. UG_ '************************************************************************* .}j@(D eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) i3f/{D/ GetCustomElement eID, entity />]/At mD|<qsY) parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) lJq
%me;4m js2?t~E] ' Delete any shift(s) in z W/J3sAYv count = 0 $|AvT;4 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count $BNn 1C8[ GetOperation eID, count, op >o(*jZ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then vR:t4EJ` DeleteOperation eID,count ;m;wSp count=count-1 t6LTGWs/_o End If RCoz;|c`P count=count+1 Z^#7&Pv0 Wend >a^H7kp S,J'Z:spf 'Set new shift in 3`-[95w op.Type = "ShiftZ" y5l4H8{h} op.val1 = taq 3{,Mpb@ op.parent = parID {K:/(\ AddOperation eID, op Qa"R?dfr Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 =(zk-J<nY 6:QJ@j\ '************************************************************************* :Rq@ %rL 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens N[=nh)m7b '************************************************************************* )v'3pTs2 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) [_b10Z'{ GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic =(v/pLLK? e?F r/n SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant Be?mIwc_g Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant RU[{!E q-p4k`] '************************************************************************* +}z
T][9w 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens nj)M$' '************************************************************************* =g?r.;OO eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) _3ZZ-=J:=* GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic !L> 'g 69rVW~Z SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost c-`&e-~XKL Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost RkC?(p 92eS*x2@ '************************************************************************* ]_5C5m 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) \5X34'7 '************************************************************************* NcqE)"yObo /l@ 7MxE parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) zoO>N'b3) Fa@#nY|UV3 ' Delete any z-shift(s) gl00$}C count = 0 Ho*S>Y While GetOperationCount(eID)>count Pq;1EI GetOperation eID, count, op _es>G'S If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then +U@P+; DeleteOperation eID,count /V:%}Z count=count-1 J6\<>5A? End If W~R_-
]k@g count=count+1 #O=^%C7p Wend Vs m06Rj{ m_U__CZ}Tt 'Set new z-shift >>K)
4HYID op.Type = "ShiftZ" awo=%vJ& op.val1 = tlens ^> ZQ:xs@( op.parent = parID '[:].?M AddOperation eID, op hg=\L5R Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens Y`\zLX"_m aU 5t|S6 '************************************************************************* q0SvZw]f1 'Lens index of refraction %k1*&2"1# '************************************************************************* YIt:_][* eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) `d8}3D GetModelMaterial eID, mat +qjW;]yxP Yb414 K mat.Nd = nlens \fh.D/@ SetModelMaterial eID, mat a]$KI$)e Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens cXtL3T+ ;/>~|@ '************************************************************************* x&8fmUS:@; 'Pupil diameter @^#y23R U '************************************************************************* />)>~_-3 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) v"y
e\ZG ,T"(97" 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) Sr%~
5Q[W +=U` SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" t55CT6Se $Iv*?S"2 ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens +oe
~j\= parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) T\. 8og eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) [ZDJs`h!` count = 0 ]qhVxeUm While GetOperationCount(eID)>count Mp"] = GetOperation eID, count, op d<fS52~l If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then u&r@@p. DeleteOperation eID,count !>gc!8Y'o count=count-1 eAm7*2 End If (f
$Y0;v>} count=count+1 |0A n|18 Wend />.& op.Type = "ShiftZ" m <aMb op.val1 = taq-0.01 DEqk9Exk` op.parent = parID (;C_>EL&u AddOperation eID, op Z37Z bbA+ZLZJn Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam z}OY'}sk8 Ba!`x<wa 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description 8I NVn'G eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) JnV$)EYi GetEntity eID, entity $?ke " entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" S7~yRIjB SetEntity eID, entity w[:5uo( \1ys2BX Update ,Sghi&Ky Print "DONE!" 2zArAch %+xh End Sub P^VV8Z>\& ax7ub 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: izmL8U
?t 0z.` Accommodation = 4 Diopters hFylQfd Pupil Diameter = 4 mm $P4hNb Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 bZERh:%o Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 kZPj{^c: Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 lt5~rH2 Set lens thickness = 3.927 r{p?aG Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 ]
M_[*OAb Set pupil diameter = 4 B~LB^
n(>@ DONE! &'T7 ~M:
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