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简介 3/,}&SX wEU=R>j. 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 YQR[0Y&e= Bf3 QB]9 模型 =9:gW5F69 n8z++T& 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 S>s+ nqcP (7"CYAe:; Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 .OlPVMFt 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. vm=d?*cR wZ_"@j< 光源 *y|zF6 y&wo"'; 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 ehZ/J5 ?kF?
~\c ;Qq7@(2y 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 @=BApuer+ 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 nL]eGC R.YUUXT 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 w8`B}Dr23 D&OskM60 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 y-~_ W 6\ V \/Qik{h 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 h%sw^;\! 视网膜的散射 I
|"' I[n|#N 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 Rt@O@oD I *qFl&*h} y=AF
EP 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 9!ARr@ ; 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 n|B<rx?v .dwbJT $h5QLN
图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 G7r .Jm^q 脚本 $Xqc'4YOZ X(Z(cY( 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: 4P#4RB 9I''$DVf 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 Af}o/g 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 {4)d 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 bEmzigN[ 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 z|zEsDh; ;Nd'GA+1;( 分析 0:c3aq&u _v++NyZXx 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 |\94a 0IBQE 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 &}\{qFD; 脚本代码 +x<OyjY5?] ~(:0&w%e Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. s|X_:3\x PzustC| Dim entity As T_ENTITY r~2q`l'> Dim op As T_OPERATION ";DozPU Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL p[)yn%uh Dim A As Double TV`sqKW Dim pupilDiam As Double
^mN`!+ Dim eID As Long b1%w+* d<z Dim parID As Long NLUiNfCR Dim count As Integer q_[`PYT Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double [Mj5o<k;I Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double p(9[*0.}; Dim curv As Double, conic As Double U~dqxR"Q Dim ok As Long FtlJ3fB@ A+FQmLS Sub Main B9H.8+~( mP?}h '用户输入对话框 9#kk5 )J Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 PfGiJ]:V-u TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 P/Y)Yx_( Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 9D;ono3 OKButton 40,91,90,21 ]cWQ9 CancelButton 190,91,90,21 :Y4Sdj Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 Mky^X,r TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 H}(WL+7 End Dialog qOa*JA` Dim dlg As UserDialog vFeR)Ox's 9E|QPT ok = Dialog (dlg) L=P8; Gj) nP|ah~
q If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed 1[-`*Ph Print "Execution cancelled." ,wy;7T>ODd End `,4YPjk^ End If 7Q,<h8N\5 LxiN9 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty D&]xKx If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then /;xrd\du A = 0 'Default accommodation vG=Pi'4XXo Else NGZtlNvh A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) ,mz7!c9H^a End If #Yy5@A}`o eKU4"XTk If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then z]=Ks_7 pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter UF@. Else jwI1 I {x pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) v
"[<pFj^ End If M. _5mZ{ lLK||2d Print " " m |.0$+= Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" [g{fz3
O6 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" % 3fpIzm B%o%%A8*g ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation ^PMA"!n8 taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness ;6?,Yhk$h PTTUI
Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens :R3&R CTZ CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens Wul8ej: ucbtPTFYvr Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens zB\ 8<97C CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens }"q#"s -W:@3\{ tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness C[+?gQJ[9 CurU6x1 nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction h,K&R8S ,eL&Ner 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation L$ jii 0\eSiXs '************************************************************************* #;m^DX QZn 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) [G[{?{ '************************************************************************* OSom-?|w eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) :JXcs39 GetCustomElement eID, entity ur]WNk8bN r8A'8g4cM parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) R80|q#h,] TBHd)BhI. ' Delete any shift(s) in z DnN+W count = 0 ol_&epG;ST While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ;zWiPnX} GetOperation eID, count, op g7eI;Tpv If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then Yt r*"- DeleteOperation eID,count 1o)<23q`) count=count-1 qzk]9`i1: End If lHu/pSu@k count=count+1 n9 Jev_!A Wend %H}M[_f +^$;oG 'Set new shift in nYj7r*e[ op.Type = "ShiftZ" 9g$fFO op.val1 = taq j\.e6&5%SS op.parent = parID &3*r-9BZ AddOperation eID, op h@s i)5"
Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 T{BGg bnE&-N* '************************************************************************* 'qeUI}[ 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens YT@H^= '************************************************************************* lDs C>L-F eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) gX*
&RsF GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic eJEcLK3u x+1-^XvK SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant {|e7^_ ke Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant ?1X7jn`,+ HaOSFltf# '************************************************************************* WkoYkkuzj 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens fY|vq
amA; '************************************************************************* MOIVt) ZY eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) mn\GLR. GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic ww\2 <(us(zbk] SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost vE~<R Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost 73!])!SVI #|Je%t}~ '************************************************************************* 14y>~~3C4 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) "2I{T '************************************************************************* N/E=-&E8 W'Qy4bl7C parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) #;'*W$Wk2 b/=>'2f ' Delete any z-shift(s) `1R[J4e count = 0 57$/Dn While GetOperationCount(eID)>count /(i~Hpp GetOperation eID, count, op iyMoLZ5 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then
1_LGlu~& DeleteOperation eID,count G:MQ_tfr& count=count-1 oMN
Qv%U End If j*_#{niy: count=count+1 m9Dg%\B Wend <|:$_&( VO*fC 'Set new z-shift AE%zqvp> op.Type = "ShiftZ" NbUibxJ op.val1 = tlens =Flr05}m op.parent = parID 83{v_M AddOperation eID, op I4zm{ 1g Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens JWQ.Efe SxM5'KQ '************************************************************************* }z2K"eGt 'Lens index of refraction sAPYQ '************************************************************************* JRw)~Tg @ eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) Ly6) ,[q~ GetModelMaterial eID, mat &s&Ha{(!w "ScY'< mat.Nd = nlens f<@`{oP@ SetModelMaterial eID, mat et6@);F Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens x4@IK|CE L4Si0 K '************************************************************************* 4[K6 ZDBU 'Pupil diameter ;3sJ7%`v '************************************************************************* iIg99c7/&9 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) )`m/vYKWL P/dT;YhL 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) Za1VJ5- y~+U(-&. SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" l' a<k" Hp3T2|uL ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens ':T6m=yv parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) *lp{, eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) "H)D~K~* count = 0 &$_#{?dPt While GetOperationCount(eID)>count T@DT|lTI GetOperation eID, count, op AW`+lE'? If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then x% Eu.jj DeleteOperation eID,count mRY~)<!4& count=count-1
xXZ{ End If &?yVLft count=count+1 gz"I=9 Wend 0'^zIL#. op.Type = "ShiftZ" b/'RJQSAc op.val1 = taq-0.01 C)0JcM op.parent = parID hjY)W; AddOperation eID, op :8Jn?E (36 Q
1e hW Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam gA:N>w&<X %!Ak]|[7 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description E3o J;E eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) n4Eqm33 GetEntity eID, entity -$_h]x*
W entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" iY4FOt7\ SetEntity eID, entity \BxE0GGky _#6ekl|% Update h8tKYm Print "DONE!" 1\BQq % wS5m#n End Sub EU-=\Y qUF}rlS=r 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: c{s%kVOzg MzO4Yv"A Accommodation = 4 Diopters Fm{`?! Pupil Diameter = 4 mm [1 gWc`# Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 7\1bq&a< Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 tV,Y38e Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 Q[N6# C:(4 Set lens thickness = 3.927 RzLbPSTQ Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 )6:nJ"j# Set pupil diameter = 4 _,;|, DONE! f_GqJ7Gk]
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