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简介 7H6Ts8^S }.&nEi` 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 dAI^ P/y% 2f,8Jnia 模型 [?]N
GTr# ;wv[';J 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 ? x%s
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A Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 -^@FZR^Y 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. !dqC6a Wg-mJu( 光源 RNT9M:w Za|7gt];l 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 QK-aH1r |+cz\+ k6tCfq; 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 Xb_
V\b0 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 -)V0D,r$[ -X.#Y6( 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 2q?/aw ;Z S^QEc tXU 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 ` H'G"V 6#Vl3o(E| 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 )UR$VL 视网膜的散射 #VQZ"7nI@ A4j,]hOD 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 SoIK<*J vXJs.)D7 R`j"iC2 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 iJ>=!Q 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 iq;\}, gwj?.7N*k </I%VHP,[f 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 UylIxd 脚本 m$8siF{<q vl (``5{ 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: '(]Wtx%9" m#+0m! 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 L$ T2 bul 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 2[lP ,;! 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 B:zx 9 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 v`h>5#_[ X@~/.H5 分析 pMU\f dle\}Sy= 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。
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Dl!0Hl 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 xW"O|x$6 脚本代码 VwR\"8r3 m[%356u Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. '(K4@[3t `xM*cJTZ Dim entity As T_ENTITY jOhAXe;~X{ Dim op As T_OPERATION 2a@X-Di Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL ^gVQ6=z% Dim A As Double b: (+d"S Dim pupilDiam As Double ~<1s[Hu Dim eID As Long $1=7^v[U Dim parID As Long FBE|pG7 Dim count As Integer MR
"f) Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double 0Gu77& Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double [n9l[dN Dim curv As Double, conic As Double *zRig|k !H Dim ok As Long ZK4V-?/[6 AO<T6VK Sub Main aT^
$'_ G ET[5`z '用户输入对话框 5bb#{?2i Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 5c5!\g~' TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 F2YBkwI
Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 P$'PB*5d| OKButton 40,91,90,21 gj;gl
="3 CancelButton 190,91,90,21 aG1Fj[, Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1
s(_z1 TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 C
b'| End Dialog wPU5L*/*i Dim dlg As UserDialog
qiOtbH= gV)/lDEM5 ok = Dialog (dlg) WvU[9ME^) GUL~k@:_k If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed aPJTH0u Print "Execution cancelled." Xau%v5r End YusmMsN? End If |X{j^JP5 9>{ml&$ 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty )d[n-Si If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then Jk{SlH3' A = 0 'Default accommodation )pI( < Else 3MX#}_7A A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) QXj #Brp End If (bm>
)U= o2|#_tGNUy If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then WG,Il/ pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter C32*RNG?U Else e&ti(Q= pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) sssw(F End If XK~HfA? jR\pYRK Print " " b!t[PShw^ Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" e!Z}aOeE Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" p` ~=v4;b )h ,v(Rxa ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation 6b*xhu\ taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness &fRz6Hd z81dm Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens i&(1<S>P CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens FVNTE+LW HH6n3c!:mm Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens vo Et\H CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens v2gk1a& a /]FlT tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness (e_<~+E 3L2NenJB nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction o w(9dB&E 0.m-} 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation bOU"s>? ~%lUzabMa '************************************************************************* [qY yr 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) NPv.7, '************************************************************************* #P!<u Lc% eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) lpPPI+|4N GetCustomElement eID, entity \ v+>qY<q ^EN
)}:%Z parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) N, u]2,E z3[J
sE% ' Delete any shift(s) in z 7Wv.-LD6 count = 0 ?!m\|'s- While GetOperationCount(eID)>count %J'/ cmR& GetOperation eID, count, op qu#xc0? If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then >r X$E<B\ DeleteOperation eID,count ,ye[TQ\,M count=count-1 Slo^tqbG End If Bi9Q8#lh count=count+1 YeT{<9p Wend k)z>9z%D *Dq ++ 'Set new shift in DXj>u9*% op.Type = "ShiftZ" %Un wh1VG op.val1 = taq `uLr^G=; op.parent = parID c?<)!9: AddOperation eID, op ;t9!<L Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 L[:AU e :G98uX t '************************************************************************* A
?tna6W: 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens #c'B2Jn '************************************************************************* A*:|d~ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) "]2^O GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic |<3x`l-` NKEmY-f; SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant GL>YJ% Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant k:V9_EI= FS)#
v '************************************************************************* o=!_.lDF: 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens E;`^`T40 '************************************************************************* 6d5J*y2 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) 1D)0\#>< GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic :Hb`vH3x trjpq{,[U SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost K2Ro0 Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost y:Gn58\o }^Sk.:;n3 '************************************************************************* ]8"U)fzmc. 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) aso8,mpZuA '************************************************************************* 7jxx,#I: bbjEQby parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 8G$BQ wA7\K~fHV ' Delete any z-shift(s) fUCjC*#1 count = 0 Ad,n+%"e While GetOperationCount(eID)>count :81d~f7 GetOperation eID, count, op $8(QBZq If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then Tc"J(GWG DeleteOperation eID,count
SmDNN^GR count=count-1 :_xfi9L~W0 End If x%k@&d;z count=count+1 8PVjNS/ Wend pl[@U<8aw 6&;GC<].(y 'Set new z-shift )\D{5j op.Type = "ShiftZ" N<b2xT op.val1 = tlens LauGT* z! op.parent = parID xR
kw+ AddOperation eID, op Xm|~1 k_3 Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens ?%~^PHgZ| CLmo%"\s '************************************************************************* rp"5176
'Lens index of refraction jTg~]PQ^ '************************************************************************* uD?G\"L
i eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) oj{CNa GetModelMaterial eID, mat 479X5Cl R{Zd ]HT mat.Nd = nlens \\13n4fAv SetModelMaterial eID, mat )qMbk7:v\ Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens {irc~||4 } LC '************************************************************************* {Ak
4G L 'Pupil diameter n6t@ e^ '************************************************************************* <'UGYY\wg0 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) VoUo!t:(+ R ai
04 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) ))Z>$\<: G{4s~Pco[Q SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" 45wtl/^9 "@hd\w{. ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens Q~0>GOq* parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) T\$i=,_$ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) A-uIZ
zC count = 0 %1jcY0zEQ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count |LbAW/9a GetOperation eID, count, op <B0f If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then lqMr@
:t DeleteOperation eID,count rq!*unJ count=count-1 NZ i3U End If $Z;/Sh count=count+1 2IM31 . Wend :8oJG8WH op.Type = "ShiftZ" %c\kLSe op.val1 = taq-0.01 _h#I}uJ~ op.parent = parID of_y<dd[G AddOperation eID, op I-g/)2 0mUVa=)D Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam =c*l!."0 7p2xst 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description /u.ZvY3, eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) jy2gR1~ GetEntity eID, entity 0'Ho'wDb entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" LOi}\O8 SetEntity eID, entity .S-) Kd^.>T- Update J=$\- Print "DONE!" =(7nl#o b=/'cQ End Sub U7D!w$4 /A-WI x 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: P][jB r
<5}& B` Accommodation = 4 Diopters 9!uiQ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm PgK7CG7G Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 _7;:*'>a4 Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 jmkOu5@ Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 "t.`/4R2w Set lens thickness = 3.927 =gQ9>An Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 -GCo`PR?b Set pupil diameter = 4 Su2{ nNC> DONE! ;mk[!
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