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vUn /<BI46B\ 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 #|``ca54B 8JUwf 模型 .o}v#W+st ,wPr"U+7 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 3= ;<$+I6 `wU!`\ Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 %N_%JK\{@ 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. (uidNq HtYwEj I 光源 wUM0M?_p[ a-J.B.A$Z/ 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 N4HqLh23H 7IM@i>p% \lNN Msd& 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 Z5]>pJFq, 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 !Xw5<J3L- A+?`?pOm& 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 An/|+r\ t.C5+^+% 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 Ssg&QI J4U1t2@)9 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 Mrb) 视网膜的散射 0C,`h` h!9ei6 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 S`Rs82> kg\>k2h |(^PS8wG 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 I1&aM}y{G 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 }SCM I4\ Y\'}a+:@Ph Y`wSv NU 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 Jj%K=sw 脚本 g<
.qUBPKX UJ6v(:z< 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: uFga~g Eu04e N 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 hehFEyx 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 jmW7)jT8: 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 o*hF<D$Y 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 b5n'=doR/I A\5L
7 分析 3"\l u?-E 8DaL,bi*. 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 Q#zmf24W mpJ#:}n 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 )whA<lC 脚本代码 ^pk7"l4Xm Aq7osU1B Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. ufT`"i 7. ;3e@s Dim entity As T_ENTITY [}]Q?*_ Dim op As T_OPERATION $ L]lHji Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL ;sFF+^~L Dim A As Double
J5jvouR Dim pupilDiam As Double l1Fc>:o{ Dim eID As Long .#pU=v#/[ Dim parID As Long v/=}B(TDF Dim count As Integer jRV/A!4 Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double SasJic2M Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double q> C'BIr Dim curv As Double, conic As Double >[*qf9$ Dim ok As Long 4+ Z]3oIRE (Ep\Z 6* Sub Main /&94 eC H<N,%G '用户输入对话框 :9 ^*
^T Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 Y:a]00&)#Y TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 $E.I84UfX Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 VW4r{&rS OKButton 40,91,90,21 HyWCMK6b CancelButton 190,91,90,21 "'\$
g[k Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 J-hbh TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 Z?QC!bWb End Dialog 5XBH$&Td Dim dlg As UserDialog n.0fVV-A R~$qo)v ok = Dialog (dlg) gB'6`' 8X|-rM{ If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed vRO
_Q? Print "Execution cancelled." XOS[No~ End =C.$
UX End If `W*U4?M '."ed%=MC 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty z' >_Mc6 If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then kPLxEwl A = 0 'Default accommodation /I0%Z+`= Else y
h9*z3 A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) @I!0-OjL End If FJP-y5 Jz e:[MYS If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then R*2E/8Ia pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter B0]~el Else s!7y pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) ~IN>3\j End If 6 ~w@PRy WI-1)1t Print " " %8~NqS|= Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" "1M[5\Ax Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" rh}J3S5vp U\*J9 ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation 9mTJ|sN:e taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness |8tilOqI `RL"AH:+ Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens WEi2=3dV CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens z ~/` 1 03 #lX(MB Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens G*P#]eO CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens 7%eK37@u x+@rg];m tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness ,1o FPa{? uk<9&{ nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction o:Sa,
!DK #'9HU2 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation -C?ZB}` ?+}_1x` '************************************************************************* eV?2LtT#5 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) y/ef>ZZ '************************************************************************* O[JL+g4
eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 7! INkH] GetCustomElement eID, entity ]|PiF+ q'Tf,a parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) q9r[$%G Cd}<a?m, ' Delete any shift(s) in z |H+UOEiv,p count = 0 &Ys<@M7E: While GetOperationCount(eID)>count sN01rtB(UT GetOperation eID, count, op *mvlb
(' & If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then [%1CRk DeleteOperation eID,count D7Q$R:6| count=count-1 g&Vx:fOC End If Q:d]imw!O count=count+1 Od,qbU4O Wend pYmk1!]/ :(*V?WI 'Set new shift in )cMh0SGcM1 op.Type = "ShiftZ"
&powy7rR op.val1 = taq @>Km_Ax op.parent = parID 68C%B9.b' AddOperation eID, op 30T)!y Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 _H7x9
y= PmEsN&YP] '************************************************************************* 6)
[H?Q 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens N]=q|D '************************************************************************* M\Ye<Tk eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) [MM~H0=s GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic L2i_X@/ ywmo#qYe SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant
=ncVnW{ Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant /dI&o,sA T;a}#56{^ '************************************************************************* tGE$z]1c@ 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens 1FL~ndJs '************************************************************************* >7T'OC eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) k|PN0&J GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic ]dmrkZz: Ee%%d SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost 5 ,B_u%bb Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost ,~@X{7U WUXx;9 > '************************************************************************* '"/=f\)u 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) &>W$6>@ '************************************************************************* sW'AjI k&vz7Q`T parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) x,@B(9No |tMWCA ' Delete any z-shift(s) X Dm[Gc>(~ count = 0 /cQueUME` While GetOperationCount(eID)>count bP$dU,@p~ GetOperation eID, count, op lc1(t:"[ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then }t=!(GOb} DeleteOperation eID,count ^Hnb}L count=count-1 P90yI End If 'ud{m[| count=count+1 li'YDtMKCY Wend $)ijN^hV o!Ieb 'Set new z-shift 6"5A%{J op.Type = "ShiftZ" {{D)YldtA op.val1 = tlens "W7K"=X op.parent = parID Ls$D$/:q? AddOperation eID, op U}e!Wjrc Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens r,1!?s^L I7vz+>Jr '************************************************************************* < #}5IQ5`Z 'Lens index of refraction 5z8d}
I '************************************************************************* Fg5kX eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) HIR~"It$
GetModelMaterial eID, mat vkx7paY_ $=8
NED5 mat.Nd = nlens *K6g\f]b # SetModelMaterial eID, mat qYjce]c Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens "fCu=@i ll<Xz((o '************************************************************************* 8:c-k|CX 'Pupil diameter +\c5]` '************************************************************************* F|o:W75 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) ;4^Rx \378rQU 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) jrlVvzZ :Ij{s SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" Jr
,;>
n.`($yR_ ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens 6ryak!|[ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) dGYn4i2k? eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) :0j?oY~e count = 0 iwZPpl"; While GetOperationCount(eID)>count &Fzb6/ GetOperation eID, count, op @uqd.Q If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ?Wr+Q DeleteOperation eID,count (
iBl count=count-1 1MP~dRZ$ End If 1#V_Z^OL count=count+1 \:# L) Wend szZr4y<8|1 op.Type = "ShiftZ" ]Yn D op.val1 = taq-0.01 =)H.cuc op.parent = parID hLd^ agX AddOperation eID, op 7 S#J>* *v
jmy/3 Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam 55nlg>j JgKO|VO 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description -LoZs
ru eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) RE7?KR> GetEntity eID, entity uB]7G0g: entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" ~:rl=o } SetEntity eID, entity Z58X5" {3>$[bT Update Xy|So|/bKd Print "DONE!" IXMop7~ jH5
k End Sub \%JgH=@
:= =V,mtT 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: EnKR%Ctw iW]j9} t Accommodation = 4 Diopters }WC[$Y_@ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm [64:4/<} Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 'Vzp2 Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 T]f ;km Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 ?(' wn< Set lens thickness = 3.927 zsEc( Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 G}9Jg Set pupil diameter = 4 .;y.]Z/; DONE! m)ky*"(
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