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简介 T+RfMEdr DTPYCG&% 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 _=8x?fC:rl |h@'~c 模型
oj[Wzeg% 4w\cS&X~C 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 <e)3 j6F! O$LvHv! Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 QVm3(;&' 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. 2t*@P"e! T)qD}hl 光源 G)M9to H5{d;L1[ 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 OcwD<Xy -(ABQgSO] A9!%H6 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 :dLfM)8} 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 F2:?lmhL< s-~Tf| 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 SZea[~& ci <`*>l 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 u+~Ta 7lqj" o( 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 z;x$tO 视网膜的散射 1zl6Rwk^o KAT4C 4=, 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 JFIUD{>fp AbC/ ^?VYE26 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 jqhd<w 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 ]4ya$%A d:|X|0#\uH !Y8us" 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 PTXy:>]M 脚本 a=+qR:wT }E+#*R3auB 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: `B}(Ln N=YRYUo 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 9s8B>(L 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 Ph'*s{ 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 %qfql 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 DJ2EV^D+P SxdH%agM 分析 A]id*RtY >
SU2Jw 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 gBA
UrY%] , |,DXw 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 K3Zc>QL{ 脚本代码 +1zCb=;!{ 9
,=7Uh#7 Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. L1
1/XpR \BOZhXfl' Dim entity As T_ENTITY p,.+i[V Dim op As T_OPERATION BWamF{\d1a Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL *,A?lX,9A Dim A As Double BFmd`#{l Dim pupilDiam As Double uO%G,b Dim eID As Long z=J%-Hq> Dim parID As Long D<B/oSy Dim count As Integer q-P$ \": Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double ![YLY&}s Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double sDL@e33Yb Dim curv As Double, conic As Double Yq-Nk:H| Dim ok As Long lS&$86Jo( {%.FIw k Sub Main k7yQEU ;+t~$5
'用户输入对话框 P$?3\`U; Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 ~0aWjMc(> TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 Hg\+:}k&9 Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 xs_l+/cZ OKButton 40,91,90,21 mZDL=p CancelButton 190,91,90,21 ;$gZ?& Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 (F@.o1No% TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 `@eo <6 End Dialog Xo]QV.n Dim dlg As UserDialog a"uO0LOb O)NEt ok = Dialog (dlg) P[6@1 {Bk9]:'$5 If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed '~Uo+<v$w Print "Execution cancelled." a=}JW] End teh$W<C End If `oQ)qa_ q|,cMPS3 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty gU1E6V-Jm If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then o%_MTCANy A = 0 'Default accommodation M il
![A1 Else <Hw)},_* A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) q y"VrR End If
d1$3~Xl] ~Vq<nkWS If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then #n&/yYl9(l pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter _X5@%/Vz Else 0T-y]&uo pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) GjlA\R^e End If HPJ\]HV( &iCE/ Print " " )f(.{M Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" ljg2P5 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" FRa@TN/Ic <j" }EEb^ ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation mv9k_7< taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness wT/TQEgz z<2!| Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens 8l,`~jvU!* CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens ivL}\~L ~xI1@^r Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens OL+dx`Y CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens 3Jt_=!qlo Omy4Rkj8bh tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness g}HB|$P7 oL?(;
`"& nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction e45gjjts hm#S4/=# 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation \\;i
jM`)Nd '************************************************************************* ($a ?zJr 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) Pp-\#WJ '************************************************************************* ~<b/%l>h1 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ]iu}5]?) GetCustomElement eID, entity (bEX"U- `CCuwe<v parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) a#H2H`% vd>K=!
J ' Delete any shift(s) in z n#@/A count = 0 Da_8Q(XFe While GetOperationCount(eID)>count !O=?n<Ex" GetOperation eID, count, op _hP siZY9 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then mEi+Tj zp DeleteOperation eID,count e1Kxqw7 count=count-1 ;A^0="x& End If yKE[," count=count+1 1,cd[^`. Wend / S -dX{ R_* 'Set new shift in scmn-4j'{ op.Type = "ShiftZ" mmk]Doy?# op.val1 = taq dD6I @N)X op.parent = parID a& >(*PQ AddOperation eID, op m)G=4kK52- Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 >:W7f2%8` TBq;#+1W '************************************************************************* f:$LVpXS- 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens w)x`zVwO '************************************************************************* 7U=|>)Q0s eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) K:}~8 P>^ GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic ogN/zIU+VA !eb}jL SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant mNcoR^(VN Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant ;zy[xg.7 U?/UW;k[ '************************************************************************* f1R&Q 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens u<8 f;C_ '************************************************************************* Jvi"K eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) @NBWNgBv GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic $'$#Xn,hU M6n9>aW4 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost Vp3
9`m-W Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost f"XFf@! U3SF'r8 '************************************************************************* /<Nb/#8 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) J&,N1B '************************************************************************* -VK6Fq iG<rB-" parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) Dd+ f,$ SB5[PDL_q ' Delete any z-shift(s) cv fh:~L count = 0 hK=\O) While GetOperationCount(eID)>count CbK&.a GetOperation eID, count, op $V"NB`T If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then n^QOGT.s6` DeleteOperation eID,count )tQG5.to count=count-1 7 mulNq End If f'/@h Na3 count=count+1 DJl06-s V Wend a/@<KnT COS(pfC 'Set new z-shift yQwj[ op.Type = "ShiftZ" XQEGMaZ op.val1 = tlens j7;v'eA`;7 op.parent = parID |_l\. AddOperation eID, op GD1=Fb"&) Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens 3Rid1;L0U uM0!,~&9| '************************************************************************* '[shY 'Lens index of refraction #plwK-tPR '************************************************************************* 5,:tjn eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) zUn>
)#ZC GetModelMaterial eID, mat rI&GM
| $[VeZ- mat.Nd = nlens 7Dy\-9:v SetModelMaterial eID, mat +Ux)m4}j Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens 9IL#\:d1 S=O/W(ZB '************************************************************************* &]~z-0`$! 'Pupil diameter 7 q<UJIf '************************************************************************* U*8;ZXi eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) STgl{# 8$avPD3jx 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) mwFI89J' jY-i`rJN SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" ZTG*| }~lF Rf ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens 52B
ye parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) #bPio eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) {! RW*B count = 0 gf+Kr02~ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count &Pt| GetOperation eID, count, op 7Z>u|L($m If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 76[aOC2Ad DeleteOperation eID,count Ygn"7 count=count-1 [!{*)4$6 End If 3+m#v8h1 count=count+1 h$ M+Yo+ Wend !@-j!Ub op.Type = "ShiftZ" Vn1k C op.val1 = taq-0.01 k%QhF] op.parent = parID 1?HUXN#, AddOperation eID, op (c(c MC' ZZTPAmIr Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam +SM $# 'DF3|A], 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description ,
j,[4^ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) A<iF37. GetEntity eID, entity ?[Q;275 entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" 9A\J*OU SetEntity eID, entity H;s0|KRgJ pRXA!QfO Update cl2@p@av Print "DONE!" J{$C}8V /woa[7Xe End Sub sCaw"{5qc [8Ub#<]] 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: tjOfekU ksY^w+>(! Accommodation = 4 Diopters {AIP\ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm `e~/ Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 U*/ Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 =,-80WNsX Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 [?W3XUJ,Y Set lens thickness = 3.927 m&,d8Gss^ Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 IJq$GR Set pupil diameter = 4 [x!T<jJ DONE! u4$d#0sA
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