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简介 (^pIB~.z )_n=it$ 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 uM)#T*( +>3jMs~& 模型 7+9o<j@@o &R5zt]4d& 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 ONVhB TB}6iIe Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 {x{~%)- 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. igx~6G* =U7P\sw2 光源 3iM7c.f*/ "7q!u,u 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 }1
,\*)5 Upa F>,kM ?wP/l 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 2cEvsvw> 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 %rlMjF'tG 5G2G<[p5oQ 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 8
XQo iC{(vL0P+ 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 WD55( $J8g)cS 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 Al1_\vx7 视网膜的散射 f$76p!pDa C(8VXtx_ 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 9>ajhFyOhX |k$6"dXSO Q.?(h! )9 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 WeJ=]7T'L 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 en>n\;U IClw3^\l a,36FF~& 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 JC0# pU; 脚本 Q6)?#7<jy wBDHhXi0 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: !2kM 5tyA{&Ao 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 5vFM0 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 <2d)4@B= 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 f&j\gYWq 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 3!
#|hI>f CBO*2?]s 分析 #+QJ5VI: (gnN</% 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 _Pno9| IQ$!y,VJ 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 Nw9@E R 脚本代码 v%$l( 6cd!;Ca Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. idB1%?< i=L 86Ks Dim entity As T_ENTITY 2Z(t/Zp> Dim op As T_OPERATION el U %Z9 Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL )RN3Oz@H Dim A As Double 4[i 3ckFT, Dim pupilDiam As Double Qo:vAv Dim eID As Long O:sqm
n Dim parID As Long ~5&B#Sm[G Dim count As Integer oP`:NCj\9 Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double L[ZS17;* Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double T$`m!mQ4 Dim curv As Double, conic As Double `*cqT Dim ok As Long ;O1jf4y Ypl;jkHP Sub Main 8nng^ :2H]DDg( '用户输入对话框 ~;jgl_5?b Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 Auc&dpW TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 !KJA)znx;( Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 TFG?
EO OKButton 40,91,90,21 9i U/[d CancelButton 190,91,90,21 Fm=jgt3wv8 Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 !zt>& t TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 ;e*okYM End Dialog \?oT.z5VG& Dim dlg As UserDialog Ux1j +}y 2Y%7.YX" ok = Dialog (dlg) c0Bqm |||m5(`S If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed L){V(*K ' Print "Execution cancelled." SHs [te[ End %19~9Tw End If gm
pY[ qtdkK LT 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty U#[T!E If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then 4lR+nmAZ A = 0 'Default accommodation FAL#p$y} Else .rG~\Ws A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) S !#5 End If ~"0{<mMcX 45n.%*, If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then Uj\t04 pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter 8G3 Z,8P4( Else ?mM:oQH+> pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) [u;(4sa} End If &OZx!G^Z \pkK
>R Print " " GApvRR+Z Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" 50dN~(;p Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" Q|P
M6ta `q\F C[W ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation 8\9W:D@"x taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 7FkiT @67GVPcxl Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens bDIhI}P CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens s0]ZE\`H> %]Nm'"Y`U Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens m'
S{P:TK CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens wEl7mg ! ygV_"=+|N tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness WV'u}-v^ jl}!UG nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction U\ ,N ^V1\boo= 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation Dq%}({+ rXzq: '************************************************************************* J zFR9DEt 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) 4YI6& '************************************************************************* O-ENFA~E;v eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) sN-u?EiF8 GetCustomElement eID, entity A$7K5 6T+y m9 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) -O,:~a=*_ AX&Emz- ' Delete any shift(s) in z ctHQZ#.[( count = 0 $<XQv $YS While GetOperationCount(eID)>count >Ik%_:CC` GetOperation eID, count, op h5T~dGRlR If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 9015PEO DeleteOperation eID,count R\X;`ptT count=count-1 : O@(Sv End If 8+7*> FD)1 count=count+1 p<h( Wend 7)1%Z{Dy &hI!0DixX 'Set new shift in _t;^\"\ op.Type = "ShiftZ" :-U&_%#w op.val1 = taq #@w/S:KbJt op.parent = parID qhG2j; AddOperation eID, op Z_dL@\#| Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 %-$
:/N ^8bc<c:P '************************************************************************* ]8OmYU%6V 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens As5l36 '************************************************************************* G9xO>Xp^Al eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) Het>G{ GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic 6C"zBJcGc gBWr)R SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant XYD-5pG Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant Z8/.I R>~I8k9mM '************************************************************************* v5e*R8/ 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens -R1;(n) '************************************************************************* vg3iT} eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) ? p[Rv GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic tI^[|@, 4Ozcs'} SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost pZ[|Q 2( Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost N}[!QE 3G 5xIr6
'************************************************************************* R}3th/ qf 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) fWW B]h '************************************************************************* 1#;^Z3 .X(qs 1 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) Khv}q.)F C2zKt/)A ' Delete any z-shift(s) M&q~e@P count = 0 `-cw[@uD While GetOperationCount(eID)>count 9An\uH)mL GetOperation eID, count, op Uc,.. If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then FqGMHM\J DeleteOperation eID,count ~#VDJ[Z count=count-1 B<Cg_C End If Y`$\o count=count+1 #u+qV!4 Wend nFI<Te^) iqB%sIP 'Set new z-shift lgK5E*^ op.Type = "ShiftZ" hMvJNI6O op.val1 = tlens Ma(Q~G
. op.parent = parID *qLk'< AddOperation eID, op 6@47%%,} Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens Ay^P#\VZ /zQx}U)TP '************************************************************************* cBOK@\x:Wi 'Lens index of refraction c=?6`m,"M '************************************************************************* |%#NA!e4wA eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) jLO$[c`; GetModelMaterial eID, mat L:?Ew9Lf Z-_Xt^N mat.Nd = nlens =;Co0Q` SetModelMaterial eID, mat UA]T7r@ Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens Pf?&ys6 (|<+yQ,@> '************************************************************************* ypemp=+(r 'Pupil diameter xX{Zh;M&[ '************************************************************************* +eKLwM eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) zLg$|@E& _(~E8g 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) TXV^f* Ku uiU=
(L SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" ea`6J 7h41 E# ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens "cjD-42 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) XN?my@_HpM eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) tu{paQ count = 0 ;.=0""-IF While GetOperationCount(eID)>count c(b`eUOO GetOperation eID, count, op 9jx>&MnWs If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 7i02M~*uS DeleteOperation eID,count L*4=b
(3 count=count-1 y@2"[fo3~ End If U,fPG/9 count=count+1 +7
j/.R Wend {-]K!tWda op.Type = "ShiftZ" saQo]6# op.val1 = taq-0.01 <HS{A$] op.parent = parID Vu4LC&q AddOperation eID, op :ec>[N~KG 0jxXUWO Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam ZJhI|wRwD e.XD5~Ax 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description i|/G!ht^e eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) usoyH0t!? GetEntity eID, entity +<V$G/" entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" d|~'#:y@ SetEntity eID, entity on5\rY<I:@ gXn`! Update k$#1T +(G Print "DONE!" @7Ln1v M_cm,|FF End Sub S+mBVk"-~S H0t#J 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: (6[/7e) h. 4#C}> ) Accommodation = 4 Diopters ~+Cl9:4T Pupil Diameter = 4 mm **AkpV) Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 s9+lC!! Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 a%6=sqxE Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 R `ob;>[Q Set lens thickness = 3.927 cf"!U+x Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 3G^A^]h Set pupil diameter = 4 ma) +
G! DONE! IC$"\7
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