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简介 5zt5]zl' ~SEIIq 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 Z3iX^ *y W9-( 模型 =[Tf9uQY Ll^9,G"Tt 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 11JO [ ET3+07 Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 O[^zQA 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. {1GIiP-U d UiS0Qs} 光源 ?=?9a ]8opI\ 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 );^{;fLy% PmDar<m >Wj8[9zf 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 3<6P^p=I 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 ' @j8tK H3S u'3 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 _\FA}d@N oc&yz>%q 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 6EG`0h6 J_XbtCmt 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 R=HcSRTkA 视网膜的散射 GZ"J6/0-| h,'m*@Eg 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 PPNZ(j /?:]f 1
BVpv7@ 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 lb #`f,r> 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 5LxzET"P :*lB86Ly $qhVow5~ 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 U^$l$"~" 脚本 4_?*@L1 3 jay V 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: _l.kbfp@ 'I)E.D oF 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑
*:V"C\`^n 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 O7T wM Yh 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 -"3<Ll 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 *AN2&>Y y]E ?\03" 分析 )`]} D[j gUxJ>~ 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 Nc :>] |;P9S 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 ;-T%sRI:| 脚本代码 uEkUK| _}wy|T&7k& Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. E&RK My) eVbaxL!Q^ Dim entity As T_ENTITY m/W)IG> Dim op As T_OPERATION 4*9: Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL u-E*_%y Dim A As Double b7bbrR8 Dim pupilDiam As Double NFcMh+qnK Dim eID As Long Flzl,3rW4 Dim parID As Long w`Js"_\ Dim count As Integer ~*h` ?A0 Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double d.uJ}=| Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double c~+l|r=u? Dim curv As Double, conic As Double $ OMGo`z Dim ok As Long gb_k^wg~1' N!F ;! Sub Main X+T
+y>ea 3EKqXXzOB '用户输入对话框 G>0S(M) Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 E6d0YgfD TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 \[w82%U Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 y2eeE CS] OKButton 40,91,90,21 - ?W hJ.U CancelButton 190,91,90,21 #b4Pn`[ Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 nAJ<@a TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 =<,AzuV End Dialog fu 95-)M Dim dlg As UserDialog e'uI~%$NJL \f_YJit ok = Dialog (dlg) M[R\URu8 ;yO7!{_ If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed :jq Print "Execution cancelled." 9RoN,e8! End g2WDa'{L End If D-BWgK w|>O!]K] 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty ,#42ebGHR If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then c91rc> A = 0 'Default accommodation 9+\3E4K Else ;Qc_Tf=, A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) Q1Sf7) End If zl j%v/9 vH+QI If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then }pa@qZXh pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter /CAi%UH,F Else MNKB4C8> pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) MKYXYR End If "1H?1"w~ C{
{DZ* Print " " iQ9jt Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" Q2)z1'Wv Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" daIt `} s joh=0nk;D ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation mzz77i
taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness AoEG%nT \*s'S*~ Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens <[2]p\rj CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens zM^ux!T= )}
y1 Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens H1'`*
}V CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens eGS1% [ E3\O?+h# tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness a(Bo.T<2@ A|V
|vT7cb nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction Pgs^#(^> tdn[]|= 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation = !'gV:M 2bS)|#v<_t '************************************************************************* \$2E 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) G l=dL<F '************************************************************************* SB1\SNB eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) z6vRTY GetCustomElement eID, entity iO;q] XX5 ):1 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) N?H;fK4v h5G>FPM-= ' Delete any shift(s) in z rHu # count = 0 iq
'3.-xYr While GetOperationCount(eID)>count `5;O|qRq GetOperation eID, count, op sAIL+O If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then SnRTC<DDh DeleteOperation eID,count q79)nhC F count=count-1 &_
Ewu@4 End If n`T
4aDm count=count+1 W
xyQA:3s Wend 7'_zJI^ O^I~d{M 5I 'Set new shift in wxARD3% op.Type = "ShiftZ" $WvI%r op.val1 = taq 5@"&%8oeq0 op.parent = parID L=Q-r[ AddOperation eID, op ,8g~,tMr+ Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 y@J]busU _cx}e!BK# '************************************************************************* Xi_>hL+R( 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens W{l+_a{/9 '************************************************************************* ;8;nY6Ie eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) W|3XD-v@ GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic *A`hKx -c!{';Zn SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant HH3WZ^0> Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant 2i#wJ8vrF O,ZvV3 '************************************************************************* t<9oEjk[" 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens b&A+`d '************************************************************************* AZxx%6 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) 0ANqEQX GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic q[Hxy 8zGe5Dn9 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost ZVJbpn<lo) Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost "?V4Tl~uu B5u06O '************************************************************************* {IJV(%E 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 7rc^-!k '************************************************************************* )h,+>U@ @#1k+tSA, parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ;Aiuy{< 1agyT ' Delete any z-shift(s) Q <EFd count = 0 8HdmG{7. While GetOperationCount(eID)>count Ck2O?Ne GetOperation eID, count, op fQlR;4QX] If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then xA#B1qbw DeleteOperation eID,count BV$lMLD{r count=count-1 m>$+sMZE End If KP[ax2!x count=count+1 ~qLbyzHaB Wend vL{~?vq6
vY<(3[pp 'Set new z-shift V{@<Z8sW# op.Type = "ShiftZ" Zgt, 'T op.val1 = tlens HQK%Y2S op.parent = parID FD*`$.e3\ AddOperation eID, op q/Ba#?sen Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens Y.3]vno?X ]<A|GY0q1 '************************************************************************* z)=D&\HX 'Lens index of refraction tXcc#!'4C '************************************************************************* 0K`3BuBs eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) bqN({p& GetModelMaterial eID, mat <)n1Z[4 41mg:xW(J mat.Nd = nlens +,9I3Dq SetModelMaterial eID, mat X3#|9 Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens s<H0ka@ ,(}7 ST '************************************************************************* YQ
g03i 'Pupil diameter x"K<@mR5G '************************************************************************* FEw51a+V eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) Hu|NS {Ke- 2[LT!TT 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) OljUK,I] OqtQLqN SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" v2G_p|+O *TVr|
to ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens 1]aM)}, parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) bv5,Yk eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) D)8&v`LS count = 0 .%<oy"_ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count $)vljM<< GetOperation eID, count, op k'&BAC.K, If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then G$}\~dD DeleteOperation eID,count rV)mcfw:Z count=count-1 gpVZZ:~ End If mEv<r6qDT count=count+1 9xyj,;P> Wend ZOK2BCoW op.Type = "ShiftZ" 9e^[5D=L op.val1 = taq-0.01 J "yO\Y op.parent = parID iKN~fGRc AddOperation eID, op g+t-<D"L5 $IA(QC_]AO Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam >y"W( cjHo?m' 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description IkFrzw p eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) Bab`wfUve GetEntity eID, entity E#v}// entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" lPSyFb" SetEntity eID, entity [U]U *x _(5SiK R Update / @X! Print "DONE!" .C$S
DhJ~ w&hgJ End Sub VUxuX5B3M 0#<q]M?hW 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: _?M34&.X NE,2jeZQ . Accommodation = 4 Diopters !'w h hi Pupil Diameter = 4 mm ST5L
O#5 Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 >0Y >T6! Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 C=IT`iom1C Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 u\ro9l Set lens thickness = 3.927 6X~.J4 Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 u n\!K Set pupil diameter = 4 d&4ve Lu DONE! U<gMgA
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