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简介 .f-=gZ* * 2YW;=n 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 MO7R3PP ku]?"{Xx 模型 Q{950$)L Tjrb.+cua 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 )qbkKCq/FB K@cWg C Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 'xkl|P>=], 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. L{8_6s(: _[Imwu} 光源 !Pnjr T 0^o/cSF 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 u|Mx} *.|%uf. xt,Qn460; 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 .yXqa"p 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 Y01!D"{\ o#f"wQH;p 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 _r\M}lDh* 1a{r1([) 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 N=2T~M 1 2m yxwA5 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 ~BJE~ 视网膜的散射 (iir,Ks2C TK\3mrEI 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 Wmcd{MOS w($a'&d`0 ~d]v{<3 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 X=]utn 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 naf ~#==vc HBE[q# \'j(@b, 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 _(h=@cv 脚本 04|ZwX$>+ 8ex;g^e 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: PZ8,E{V >;c);|'}q 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 oxc;DfJ_ 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 ; o_0~l=-/ 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 [ZSC]w^ 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 &F~d~;G"q nI6ompTX 分析 Zhfg iVZ}+Ct<" 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 r4*H96l Pa3-0dUr 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 W$zRUG- 脚本代码 'A:Y&w"r `Fr ,,Q81\ Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. lF!PiL '|ntwK*f Dim entity As T_ENTITY diJpbR^JP Dim op As T_OPERATION mk1R~4v Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL LsERcjwwK Dim A As Double S^pb9~ Dim pupilDiam As Double 3i!a\N4 K Dim eID As Long hTn"/|_SW Dim parID As Long "73y}' Dim count As Integer %[*-aA Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double )9yQ
C Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double +-|""`I1I Dim curv As Double, conic As Double LQPQ !):; Dim ok As Long "{D/a7]lC ?Cf'IBpN Sub Main ]z^jz#>um& h76j|1gI '用户输入对话框 .-rz30xT Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 kb2C9< TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 n&;JW6VQS Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 *P*~CHx> OKButton 40,91,90,21 G^)]FwTs CancelButton 190,91,90,21 l.pxDMY Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 _D4qnb@ TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 '/HShS!d End Dialog Vp]7n!g4l Dim dlg As UserDialog !ZUUn*e{5 ^aAs=KditO ok = Dialog (dlg) n>.@@ i;%G Z8 If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed -&2Z/qM&! Print "Execution cancelled." +j<WP End mU4(MjP? End If ZzE( S EX{%CPp7} 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty ck]I? If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then I*a@_EO A = 0 'Default accommodation e x Z/ Else <<d # A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) D*- End If S&UP;oc ; j.d If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then 8wkhbD|; pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter xFp$JN Else 2K>1,[ C'Z pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) n+=qT$w) End If ?+hEs =Xs Jp"29
)w Print " " p)B/(% Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" [ x{$f7CEh Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" i.6 b% MS""-zn< ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation x*z[(0g! taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness FA-cTF[,( F*U(Wl= Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens kfas4mkc CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens
s*gqKQ; ir.RO7f Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens ,4"N7_!7 CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens 2EM6k|l5 }'wZ)N@ tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness A-4;$
QSm IWv5UmjN nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction ^)]U5+g? [(*Eg!?W= 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation hev;M)t `G!HGzVx;j '************************************************************************* Ti)Me-g 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) =|AYT6z, '************************************************************************* bEcN_7 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) If'2
m_ GetCustomElement eID, entity ZbT$f^o}M] {?lndBP< parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 6ZE`'pk< JqO1 a?H ' Delete any shift(s) in z tm5{h{AM count = 0 )lLeL#]FLO While GetOperationCount(eID)>count fmK~? GetOperation eID, count, op AcuZ?LYzK If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then pdJ]V`m DeleteOperation eID,count yH"i5L9 count=count-1 Q SF0?Puf End If (]cL5o9 count=count+1 Z#@ Wend U:8]G f$^wu~ 'Set new shift in A"pQOtrm\k op.Type = "ShiftZ" mmJnE op.val1 = taq j|pTbOgk% op.parent = parID Qqg.z-G%. AddOperation eID, op ~.3v\Q Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 a6vej G?@W;o) '************************************************************************* AR( gI]1 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens C[%Qg=< '************************************************************************* d@ 8M_
O | eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) QBXEM= GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic D*2*FDGI M>5OC)E SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant XcT!4xG0 Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant $=diG P^"RH&ZQJ '************************************************************************* _D}3`` 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens 8<}=f4vUj5 '************************************************************************* EGgw#JAi#t eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) nZnqXclzxn GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic hNh!H<}|m8 /UK?&+1qE SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost 7~+Fec`Ut* Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost ?3K~4-!?/ >6yQuB '************************************************************************* l4i51S" 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) <QvVPE}z '************************************************************************* }Fu1Y@M% 3'x>$5W parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) D$4GNeB+# "{~FEx4 ' Delete any z-shift(s) zAM9%W2v_ count = 0 AJ>E\DK0] While GetOperationCount(eID)>count V0{#q/q GetOperation eID, count, op @&m]:GR If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then kOo Vqu DeleteOperation eID,count mD7NQ2:wA count=count-1 \^,Jh|T End If j;uUM6 count=count+1 p@~Y[a = Wend 8K9HFT@yV e@VJ-s 'Set new z-shift 2~hdJ/ op.Type = "ShiftZ" SujEF`" op.val1 = tlens Pi=FnS op.parent = parID MkFWZ9c3 AddOperation eID, op
Txo{6nd/ Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens $:5h5Y#z M:OZWYQ '************************************************************************* 2m*ugBO; 'Lens index of refraction t)8crX}P '************************************************************************* 0^Ldw)C" eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) i#YDdz GetModelMaterial eID, mat 4w%hvJ h(nE)j mat.Nd = nlens .(Ux1.0C SetModelMaterial eID, mat 5YPIv- Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens hoBFC1 4d@0v n{ '************************************************************************* rMWvW(@@D 'Pupil diameter PT,*KYF_O" '************************************************************************* Bi fI.2| eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) 7ojh=imY !-qk1+<h 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) YRZw|H{>t 7Y~5gn SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" 7>7n|N n}Thc6f3D ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens mhIGunK;+ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) H"pYj eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) vQXF$/S count = 0 Jt8M;Yk While GetOperationCount(eID)>count uq:'`o-1 GetOperation eID, count, op hHw1<! M If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ;/m>c{ DeleteOperation eID,count S WsD]rn count=count-1 3H"F~_H End If T2W^4) count=count+1 T;3~teVYB Wend vA*NJ%&` op.Type = "ShiftZ" *sfz+8Y op.val1 = taq-0.01
v/KTEM op.parent = parID FGwgSrXL7 AddOperation eID, op QKz2ONV=) z5:3.+M5 Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam ?1]B(V9nBq nYRD>S?uz 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description `n|k+tsC eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) $[=`*m GetEntity eID, entity R<h0RKiM@ entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" NVC$8imip SetEntity eID, entity U/(R_U>= dnPr2oI?I Update \BsvUGd Print "DONE!" hW cM. =(k0^#++G End Sub m}
=<@b:l J_|>rfW 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: |4Q><6"G >yqL Accommodation = 4 Diopters 7xT<|3 I Pupil Diameter = 4 mm wIbc8ze Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 ~u-`L+G"6 Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 483vFLnF Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 pm;g)p? Set lens thickness = 3.927 ' :]w Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 z!j`Qoh?V9 Set pupil diameter = 4 %^E>~ DONE! U(qM( E
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