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简介 h%uZYsK 4GX-ma, 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 .?loO3 m H["`Mn7j2 模型 =Lf,?"S ^y<<>Y'I 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 N u<_} I+tb[*X+ Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 )% ~OH 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. ]d!
UJ&<? UdpF@Q 光源 LhA/xf K/|Z$4S 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 3`t%g[D1 Q$zO83 \nPEyw,U 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 t%E!o0+8Z 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 ;)D];u|_ -;^j:L{ 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 hpO`] "eB$k40- 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 tFp Ygff< e&&53? 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 lPw%ErG 视网膜的散射 YS/Yd[ e ]&lY%"U$i 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 &m-PC(W+ RO 4Z?tz ^")Q YE 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 < t,zaIi 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 A#EDkU,
old(i:2 J IUx 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 pKpUXfQu 脚本 ,-8"R`UI8 9\_eK,*B 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: au:
fw 1v.c 6~ 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 Z2qW\E^_r 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 -p]1=@A<} 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 ywGd> @ 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 }`%*W`9b vq(0OPj8r[ 分析 Oo5w?+t zv0l,-o 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 !dyXJQ cW@Zd5&0S 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 6dabU* 脚本代码 (^TF%(H 6jE| Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. tn(JC%?^ }wr{W:j Dim entity As T_ENTITY 5m\<U` Dim op As T_OPERATION {< )1q ; Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL HN=V"a Dim A As Double ,(d)Qg Dim pupilDiam As Double [uC]*G] Dim eID As Long &"f"; Dim parID As Long TC!Yb_H}gN Dim count As Integer [^Os kJ4 Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double Dz>^IMsY Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double l? Udn0F Dim curv As Double, conic As Double {o_X`rgrL Dim ok As Long x$5) ^ud? l=S 35og Sub Main ~.{/0T 5na~@-9p '用户输入对话框 H?<N.Dq Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 dP#|$1 TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 (eI5_`'VC Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 4|buk]9 OKButton 40,91,90,21 tItX y CancelButton 190,91,90,21 -lbm*
-( Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 zM bN;tu TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 dgR
g>)V End Dialog "-e
\p lKj Dim dlg As UserDialog ;X?}x%$ N60rgSzI ok = Dialog (dlg) s)noo ")O%86_Q: If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed Wk~WOzr}^ Print "Execution cancelled." |n+qMql' End (D#B_`;- End If 6G1@smP
)j9SGLo 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty Y2a5bc P If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then cii_U=
A = 0 'Default accommodation O@u?h9?cf> Else |L%Z,:yO A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) z.7cy@N6 End If QS%%^+E2 :[wsKFaV+ If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then ?I6fye7 pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter CJ1 7n Else JlH&?? pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) En~5"yW5>] End If ;YA(|h< o<|cA5f\ Print " " qaY1xPWz" Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" oe%}?u Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" >p)MawT] (!ZM{Js% ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation ?oVx2LdD| taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness rf
$ QxJ 5:pM4J Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens AJh w CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens R n}l6kbM *,e:]!* Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens kE:nsXI
) CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens DK$X2B"c V (\\eo tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness kDEPs$^ %SX|o-B~.o nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction CnpV:>V= .X@FXx& 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation I KqQ>Z-q~ O{QA '************************************************************************* 7op`s5i 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) 1,6}_MA '************************************************************************* #yI
mKEYX eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) k3u"A_"c GetCustomElement eID, entity T ?$:'XJ Gr7=:+0n|P parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) tz5e"+Tz fmQ_P.c ' Delete any shift(s) in z q1z"-~i)E count = 0 kjg~n9#T While GetOperationCount(eID)>count OBMTgZHxv GetOperation eID, count, op @JtM5qB If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then @LS@cCC,a DeleteOperation eID,count Z3#P,y9@ count=count-1 5>CEl2mSl End If dYG,_ji count=count+1 ?%O(mC]u& Wend C9~52+S :Pvzl1 'Set new shift in \?Z{hmN op.Type = "ShiftZ" 6hlc1? op.val1 = taq ey2S#%DF] op.parent = parID 0O9Ni='Tn AddOperation eID, op 9f2UgNqe9 Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 4[.oPK=i <D:.(AUeO '************************************************************************* fI{E SXU 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens V,mw[Hw '************************************************************************* ZX>AE3wk eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) }@;ep&b* GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic 6eT5ktf u -;_y='m SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant Q~OxH'>>( Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant Jbjmv:db tZ'|DCT '************************************************************************* 6A>dhU 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens !D@ZYK; '************************************************************************* S#MZV@nGF eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) xCg52zkH# GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic qT%FmX { vKLAxc SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost 4(|cG7>9- Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost &X|#R1\ M[mF8Zf '************************************************************************* z`!XhU 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) nSW=LjrO~< '************************************************************************* .$qnZWcgG b\3Oyp> parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) $"FQj4%d F@mQQ ' Delete any z-shift(s) ,u+PyG7 cb count = 0 {)BTR %t While GetOperationCount(eID)>count _J Hd9)[ GetOperation eID, count, op UJM1VAJ0 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then [Jogt#Fj ] DeleteOperation eID,count [U5\bX@$ count=count-1 `-(|>5wWS End If HkO7R
` count=count+1 "t(p&;d Wend 7s/u(~d) cd(GvX' 'Set new z-shift G&i!Hs op.Type = "ShiftZ" 8zRP(+&W op.val1 = tlens qAn! Rk A op.parent = parID #~7ip\Uf[ AddOperation eID, op np8gKVD Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens \HKxh:F' )TVFtI=,NN '************************************************************************* Nd$W0YN: 'Lens index of refraction TygW0b 1 '************************************************************************* K
P Oa|$ eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) yzerOL GetModelMaterial eID, mat wN;^[F In18_bc mat.Nd = nlens \P.I)n`8 y SetModelMaterial eID, mat sE:M@`2L Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens 77\]B BI3@|,._N '************************************************************************* ;_rF;9z9 'Pupil diameter 0`X]o'RxS '************************************************************************* [H6hyG~ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) v6>_ j
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Q- 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) H."EUcE{ -Z 4e.ay5 SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" +y&Tf#.V/A n2)@S0{ ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens WU71/PYm` parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) A-ZN F4 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) ^pQCNKLBY count = 0 m9.{[K" While GetOperationCount(eID)>count :_g$.h%% GetOperation eID, count, op \l9qt5rS If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then >'&p>Ad) DeleteOperation eID,count ]Q>.HH count=count-1 uTKD 4yig End If P} 0%-JC count=count+1 w8U&ls |