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简介 .Z=Ce! 2QGMe} 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 ivzAlwP 2@ 9pr 模型 BWUt{,?KU lwOf)jK:J 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 x_==Ss mX&xn2}qZ" Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 5VR.o!h3I 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. H`m:X,6} l"J*)P 光源 ;1W6"3t-Y 3ai (x1% 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 2{ o0@ 84=-Lw 7DtIVMiK 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 hq<5lE^ 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 4:vTxNs&S n%/i:Whs 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 TbLe6x r6`\d k 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 NZLXN 6b?`:$Cw3) 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 AnNPTi 视网膜的散射 :l+_ja&o ]gu1# 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 )Zas
x6` XHs d- %}C9 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 #?9Q{0e 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 Kax#OYLpg .f>,6? 0G5'Y;8 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 ->\N_|_ 脚本 2 H[ ; v + q]^,vei 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: k6@b| Z>8eD|m%2 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 F>N+<Z 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 :NuR>~ 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 6xHi\L 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 IAI(Ix BCx!0v?9 分析 *>k!hq;j }W$8M>l 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 ASW4,% cl lEHwZ<je 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 zmI5"K"'F 脚本代码 %M9;I x;j{}
% Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. (/K5! qh xW>ySEf Dim entity As T_ENTITY asr=m{C" Dim op As T_OPERATION vX+.e1m Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL s~J=<)T*6 Dim A As Double gg[9u- Dim pupilDiam As Double .+yW%~0 Dim eID As Long t?{B_Bf Dim parID As Long %c X"#+e Dim count As Integer d+6]u_J Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double mV?&%>*(f Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double |SQ|qbe= Dim curv As Double, conic As Double jWvtv ng Dim ok As Long o.Oq__ >$H 0|XKd24BN Sub Main LkBZlh_ FXahZW~Ol '用户输入对话框 5 y Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 F;u_7OM TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 zAs&%OjG Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 )eYDQA>J OKButton 40,91,90,21 5ZK&fKeCF CancelButton 190,91,90,21 Zu21L3 Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 :.uk$jx TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 aMTFW_w End Dialog C>X|VP|C Dim dlg As UserDialog k4{:9zL1#? `~h4D(n` ok = Dialog (dlg) =eBmBn 5mgHlsDzu If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed [i7YVwG4 Print "Execution cancelled." LA4<#KP End +Ok%e.\ZM End If oNM?y:O eLfvMPVo 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty ?Elg?)os If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then rh%m;i<b A = 0 'Default accommodation ``|AgIg Else h*w6/ZL1 A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) *(QH{!-$s End If pQWHG#?7 por/^=e{Y If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then j~`\XX{> pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter v`DI<Lt Else gR Nv-^ pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) ~R]35Cp-# End If =X(%Svnp Z4hLdHo_ Print " " Br5o7(AE Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" TDNf)Mm Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" #E$X,[ZFo {fDTSr?/ ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation 6f)2 F<
7 taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness @T:faJ5\' aeP[+ I9 Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens edvFQ#,d CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens p_2pU)% "y;bsZBd" Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens '#\1uXM1U? CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens 1S:|3W E
D"!n-Hq tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness _yH`t[ 'Ot,H_pE nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction }#`:Qb \U }< 5F 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation m:+8J,jW NwlU%{7W6 '************************************************************************* ~DF:lqwWP 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) 1(#;&:$`i '************************************************************************* aM=D84@ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 9X}I> GetCustomElement eID, entity jO~:<y3
= 1X1 NtS@ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) ZKpvDH' ,
YW|n:X ' Delete any shift(s) in z |L6&Gf]#5 count = 0 /JJw 6[N While GetOperationCount(eID)>count e}yX_Z'P< GetOperation eID, count, op c64v,Hj9 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then O(Jj|Z DeleteOperation eID,count 'LE"#2Hu count=count-1 w#y0atsg' End If O9M{ ). count=count+1 5F"|E-; Wend 9~\kF5Q" f3MRD4+- 'Set new shift in s)J(/ op.Type = "ShiftZ" b1#dz] op.val1 = taq XMIbUbUk- op.parent = parID 'jg3 AddOperation eID, op v`PY>c6~ Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 L1{GL #qV 'tgKe!-@ '************************************************************************* 6IcNZ!j98 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens u{<"NR h '************************************************************************* }_'IE1bA eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) A^ \.Z4=d" GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic =='Td[ 2x]>l?
5b SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant ~uWOdm-"[ Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant pKUP2m`MW 9A'Y4Kg<C '************************************************************************* friWW^ 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens Dim>
7Wbh '************************************************************************* 1T&Rc4$Sn7 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) ;|T!#@j GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic ;bzX%f?|G v X~RP
* SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost <W8t|jt Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost ;*TIM%6# 6fo3:P*O '************************************************************************* 796\jf$ 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) $@-P5WcRs '************************************************************************* z4%uN|V f"[J"j8 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) #p(h]T32 B Xms;[ ' Delete any z-shift(s) Kb#4ILA count = 0 !LMN[3M_ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count j l.p'$Fbn GetOperation eID, count, op q%n6K If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then VZr>U*J[: DeleteOperation eID,count #AkV/1Y count=count-1 !%+2Yifna End If jdZ~z#`(!: count=count+1 8I20*# Wend P9Yy9_a|x E907fX[R~ 'Set new z-shift ok^d@zI op.Type = "ShiftZ" -Xu.1S op.val1 = tlens (
9!k# op.parent = parID {N2g8W: AddOperation eID, op _/8FRkx Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens K5ZC:Ks 6fH@wQ"wN '************************************************************************* k(>h^ 'Lens index of refraction RpWTpT1 '************************************************************************* 6*4's5>?D eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) oF9
-& GetModelMaterial eID, mat 4'j
sDcs H&1[nU{?> mat.Nd = nlens OMhef,,H SetModelMaterial eID, mat
;__9TN Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens AqKz$ v 8T$ &-HJ '************************************************************************* 0N[&3Ee8 'Pupil diameter (Fq5IGs '************************************************************************* W>r#RXmh eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) 3&u_A?; iLP7!j 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) H9h@ sSg {,*"3O:\:
SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" 0q>P~]Ow S(S# ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens P71 ( parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) bfB\h*XO eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) $vHU$lZ/W count = 0 ?88[|;b3 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count rg0ma GetOperation eID, count, op Fc~'TBf,,` If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then [A}rbD K DeleteOperation eID,count Vfv@7@q count=count-1 0TfS=scT End If 7g
R@$(1Z count=count+1 h\plQ[T Wend o7mZzzP op.Type = "ShiftZ" 6x"Q
op.val1 = taq-0.01 Gl1jxxd op.parent = parID O: @}lK+H AddOperation eID, op <;E S3L~~X/= Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam ;a-$D]Db V"p!Bf 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description 4}` eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) z0|&W&&D GetEntity eID, entity GN KF&M entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" "ZTTg>r SetEntity eID, entity .(pN5JI* /C/id)h> Update pO8ePc@=D Print "DONE!" jTLSdul+ 2o>)7^9|#< End Sub }FzqW*4~ YF+n
b.0. 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: aM7uBx\8 5 Vy_2 . Accommodation = 4 Diopters P&Pj>!T5
Pupil Diameter = 4 mm rr#K"SP Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 hFiIW77s2 Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 *3T|M@Y Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 K}6dg< Set lens thickness = 3.927 o)OUWGjb/K Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 hJzxbr
< Set pupil diameter = 4 {.yStB.T DONE! DE2a5+^
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