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简介 o%Be0~n' \Y!T>nWn)I 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 N+CXOI=6x HY jMNj0 模型 )%iRZ\`f xl+DRPzl 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 :vc[/< [ME}Cv`?<E Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 "t[M'[ `C 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. 6X@mPj[/ DR
k]{^C~ 光源 uQGz;F x Q'Jv}'eK_ 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 La"o)L +m_
2[Z0I4r `6a]|7|f 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 UGhW0X3k 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 PUbaS{J7 X}oj_zsy;^ 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 nE/=:{~Ws 5/& 1Oxo 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 ss?] :8p&#M 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 v~^ks{ 视网膜的散射 (Ij0AeJ# KxO/] 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 I3Lg?bZ <jbj/Q )" NH'1rt(w 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 NTqo`VWe 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 Zxg 1M u-m %=2 Y)$52m5rM 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 <"*"1(wN 脚本 3c c1EQ9 mJ)tHv"7 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: o_iEkn 12 idM* 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 h^}_YaT\ 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 /&CUspb 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 p3g4p 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 +'-rTi\ D9ANm"# 分析 |y.zocBj {tPnj_|n< 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 TbOJp JW=uK$s O 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 i-`,/e~XT 脚本代码 nz^nptw ~eDI$IO Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. AlO,o[0 #C4|@7w% Dim entity As T_ENTITY )AOPiC$jL Dim op As T_OPERATION ;t}'X[U Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL &]w#z=5SXi Dim A As Double Bb~5& @M|N Dim pupilDiam As Double M~-h-tG Dim eID As Long SaCx)8ul0 Dim parID As Long d7E7f Dim count As Integer hHpx?9O+! Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double &`\ ep9 Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double [q'eENG Dim curv As Double, conic As Double @8|Gh]\P Dim ok As Long _ j~4+H $57\u/(
Sub Main 3c b[RQf B22b&0 '用户输入对话框 ~P/]:= Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 H.:9:I[n TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 a2o.a2
Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 3!aEClRtq OKButton 40,91,90,21 GWgd8x*V CancelButton 190,91,90,21 X<Z(]`i Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 Vb2\/e:k TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 0 sZwdO End Dialog Twx{' S Dim dlg As UserDialog Rs2-94$!5 q3+I<qsAz ok = Dialog (dlg) EY~7oNfc`R 6+iK!&+= If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed Hq?& Qo Print "Execution cancelled." w,Q)@]_ End `_GO=QQ End If DcN"=Y e8{^f]5 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty '*4iqPR; If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then p5-<P?B A = 0 'Default accommodation y:.?5KsPI Else &U&Zo@ot"x A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) 6}ftBmv End If x9%-plP j{)~QD ? If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then .Vmtx pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter ;,rnk- Else OF8WDo` pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) <7^Kt7k End If ?I[h~vr6. _dr*`yXi Print " " \-OC|\{32 Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" D^u\l Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" .fEwk 'irGvex ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation 4[1k\ taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness >$uUuiyL4 ^X&)'H Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens f>niFPW" CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens hO6RQ0Iv@ ,]7XMU3 Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens vU}: U)S CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens y"-{$ N
q`^3ov^</ tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness |{f~Ks% (B:uc_+ nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction 2h)8Fq_" 4fty~0i=z 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation 59i] +_~,86 '************************************************************************* o@3B(j;J` 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) #ZlM?Q '************************************************************************* :tLbFW[ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) EeB3 } GetCustomElement eID, entity Cw#V`70a 2r;GcjezH parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) fa{@$ppx uNbIX:L, ' Delete any shift(s) in z &SmXI5>Bo0 count = 0 EwQae(PpA While GetOperationCount(eID)>count .&iN(Bd GetOperation eID, count, op ltSh'w0 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then h<% U["
DeleteOperation eID,count .S_QQM}Q count=count-1 L/x(RCD End If Dtt-|_EMS count=count+1 yW("G-Nm Wend <d"Gg/@a -:SIS`0s 'Set new shift in TQJF+;% op.Type = "ShiftZ" hnzNP\$U] op.val1 = taq $XGtS$ op.parent = parID 3dG4pl~ AddOperation eID, op jdM=SBy7q Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 Dm%%e o GNU;jSh5 '************************************************************************* m7m
\`; 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens J3B.-XJ+n '************************************************************************* CH;;V3 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) XLb0
9; GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic <%K UdkzEP _z8;lt SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant ~`R1sSr" Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant 7'OPjtM Rd%0\ B '************************************************************************* (Es{l a G 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens Ttv'k*$cP '************************************************************************* WZ?!!
eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) H]Wp%"L GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic #ElejQ|? 5pJ*1pfeo SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost J]fS({(\I Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost 1;Xgc@ $]*d#`Sy{% '************************************************************************* A5XR3$5P 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) c7qwNs*f '************************************************************************* tcA;#^jc K@r*;T parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) Y6ben7j%- *#2Rvt*Ox ' Delete any z-shift(s) @^?XaU count = 0 |Q!4GeQL[ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ``9 GY GetOperation eID, count, op $bGD%9
z If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ow.j+<M DeleteOperation eID,count ,%hj cGX11 count=count-1 %&<W(|U1< End If >Z\BfH count=count+1 DB@EVH Wend >}SRSqJu X/+OF'po 'Set new z-shift nbxR"UH op.Type = "ShiftZ" n93zD*;5 op.val1 = tlens XP;x@I#l op.parent = parID (vQ+e AddOperation eID, op yVS\Q,:J9 Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens A1A3~9HuK o~C('1Fdb '************************************************************************* 70Ka! 'Lens index of refraction E*|tOj9`1n '************************************************************************* VJ{pN ~_1 eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) HFS+QwHW GetModelMaterial eID, mat onl>54M^ ~m`!;rE mat.Nd = nlens FC}oL"kk SetModelMaterial eID, mat n}J^6:1 Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens Np)aS[9W 0H:dv:#WAI '************************************************************************* @2e2^8X7f 'Pupil diameter l`gTU?<xd '************************************************************************* 5I,$EGG eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) ;[6&0!N\ _e'Y3:
'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) ^l !L)iw \0AiCMX[ SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder"
{L0;{ G|9B)`S ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens a$}mWPp+f parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) _P5P(^/ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) 2k1aX~? count = 0 .nZ3kT` While GetOperationCount(eID)>count vWY(% Q, GetOperation eID, count, op tWD|qg_ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then g%\L&}Jd DeleteOperation eID,count X+ f9q0 count=count-1 yFM>T\@ End If km\%BD~ count=count+1 77Q}=80GU; Wend Oif,|: op.Type = "ShiftZ" I/p]DT op.val1 = taq-0.01 zvf3b!} op.parent = parID h&'=F)5 AddOperation eID, op F2>%KuM {}\CL#~y Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam `Q%NSU? ,Y!zORv<7 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description nGa1a eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) t26ij`V GetEntity eID, entity nl@E[yA9[ entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" ')o0O9/; SetEntity eID, entity P s#>y& FH\CK Update
BGqa-d Print "DONE!" y\[r(4h b5 Q NEi End Sub nj2gs,k ULl_\5s2 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: iBvOJs I;j3*lV_ Accommodation = 4 Diopters Z?1OdoT- Pupil Diameter = 4 mm ?q Xs- Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 ;~/4d- Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 !N~*EI$ Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 E`xU m9F Set lens thickness = 3.927 Y';>O ` Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 ,")F[%v Set pupil diameter = 4 nW5K[/1D DONE! <lo`q<q
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