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简介 NcY0pAR* fKK-c9F 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 Z?j='/u>@ G<WDyoN=O 模型 _F$t#.o HZQ3Ht 3Vh 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 zZjLt1 JgjL$n;F Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 :\=
NH0M 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. uP'w.nA&2 A ** M"T 光源 =K<I)2
y2hFUq 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 %JH_Nw.P 2BU)qv- x%?*]*W 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 M$hw(fC|m1 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 ~ FrkLP qYiK bzy 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 ?%fZvpn - iI Nu`>I 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 'L+BkE6+% :W<,iqSCm 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 "Ohpb!J9 视网膜的散射 ;7=JU^@D@ .AI'L|FQ%c 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 H5MAN,` r^tXr[} JhXN8Bq33 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 AT'$VCYC( 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 6XCX#4'i% lJ1xx }k{U (<~R[sT| 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 3 &Zx*: 脚本 v^I %Wm ]Sx=y< 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: yN f=Kl teNQUIe- 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 \kGtYkctZ 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 `Ta(P30
如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 7,VWvmWJex 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 Nc Mq>n 8GRrf2 分析 W]MJ!4 '#
2J?f' 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 v 5ddb) QN8Hz/}\ 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 naCI55Wx 脚本代码 G9":z| ewPd hCK Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. rd~W.b_b !td.ks0 Dim entity As T_ENTITY
{h+E&u[zL Dim op As T_OPERATION ;4#8#; Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL NJ!#0[@C Dim A As Double q x }fn/: Dim pupilDiam As Double bjX$idL Dim eID As Long i4Cb&h^ Dim parID As Long `%I{l Dim count As Integer _ShJ3\,K Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double Y]0y
-H Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double Nmq5Tv Dim curv As Double, conic As Double PBnn,# Dim ok As Long ;//qjo
vXZz=E
AH Sub Main u)]sJ1p
[zd-=.:+M[ '用户输入对话框 UimZ/\r Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 S.>9tV2Ca TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 6_><W"r:] Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 o*BI^4 OKButton 40,91,90,21 y9 '3vZ CancelButton 190,91,90,21 ~m&oa@*=y Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 e(N <Mf TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 w'>v@`y End Dialog )BrqE uX@" Dim dlg As UserDialog L%Hm#eFx lY?d*qED ok = Dialog (dlg) 0t0:soZx J0plQDe If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed 64s;6= Print "Execution cancelled." 9}_f\Bs End )fr\V." End If \~1+T He23<hd! 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty W5g!`f If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then \Nyxi7 A = 0 'Default accommodation _9
O' Else mmK_xu~f28 A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) 'FXZ`+r| End If EZW?(%b>H N^at{I6C If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then . r"?w pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter KrzM]x Else oI/ThM`=q pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) y~ LVK8 End If U\6DEnII?! [AwE Print " " >f/g:[ Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" #O
]IXo(5z Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" dj]N59< C" WZsF^3 ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation ^Y |s^N taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 5E=Odep` gC- 0je Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens \}W.RQ^3 CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens $
7!GA9Bn t]XJq Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens c5pG?jr+d CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens (5
hu
W7v u>#'Y+7 tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness (1vS)v
$L "(GeW286k nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction =G6@:h= nX'.'3 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation !y.7"G* r>o6}Mx$ '************************************************************************* :f:C*mYvu 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) Z0KA4O$eL '************************************************************************* KG@hjO eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) (""&$BJQ| GetCustomElement eID, entity s5e}X: M`'2
a parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) +>j_[O5Y vD t?N9 ' Delete any shift(s) in z g^FH[(P[G count = 0 ?=&*6H_v While GetOperationCount(eID)>count )&K%Me GetOperation eID, count, op |Sm/Uq(c If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then
KW\`&ki DeleteOperation eID,count zT"#9"[" count=count-1 x`&W[AA4 End If 5B6:pH6e count=count+1 ,@xZuq+K< Wend t[Q\T0E 1)y}.y5S 'Set new shift in Re_.<_$ op.Type = "ShiftZ" A[MEtI=Q J op.val1 = taq A\>qoR!Y op.parent = parID f{0PLFj AddOperation eID, op l"/O s_4O Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 sKtH4d5) GU`2I/R '************************************************************************* :O2N'vl47A 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens L 'y+^L|X '************************************************************************* =
4L. eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) G(i/ @>l GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic #%~wuCn<K '4EJ_Vhztc SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant p{U ro!J,K Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant xp=
]J UQ } 2KuY\5\i '************************************************************************* :v`o=" 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens h1$, '************************************************************************* \oyr[so(i eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) u- ,=C/iU GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic c{[WOrA~# DwPl,@T_i\ SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost :B
im`mHl Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost ``{xm1GK ET4YoH> '************************************************************************* NR" Xn7G 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) }/=_ '************************************************************************* i{.!1i: G"]'`2.m parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) :|bPr_&U$ gU:jx ' Delete any z-shift(s) Onao'sjY count = 0 yd$y\pN=< While GetOperationCount(eID)>count pnWDsC~) GetOperation eID, count, op pV_2JXM~@ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ==&=3 DeleteOperation eID,count 09r.0Ks count=count-1 nL9m{$Zv End If /}Max@.` count=count+1 PM{kiz^ Wend ]'{<O3:7 Lq:Z='Kc 'Set new z-shift tlE+G@|^ op.Type = "ShiftZ" :^K|u^_>P op.val1 = tlens ;tO (,^ op.parent = parID =Z 2sQQVS AddOperation eID, op >Tw|SK+3 Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens W1 E((2 z'
@F@k6 '************************************************************************* =73wngw 'Lens index of refraction 7C=t19&R' '************************************************************************* HghNI eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) BQsy)H`4E GetModelMaterial eID, mat %%*t{0!H+ w1[F]| mat.Nd = nlens rQU;?[y SetModelMaterial eID, mat J^U#dYd Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens \\_Qv *+5AN306 '************************************************************************* uCx\Bt"VI 'Pupil diameter mhL,:UE '************************************************************************* vO 3fAB eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) 7yK
> 13Q|p,^R 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) M^a QH/=:" ~Os~pTo SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" QHOem=B P7Kp*He) ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens C]82Mt parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) _rOKif?5 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) M%Ov6u<I8 count = 0 c8A
// While GetOperationCount(eID)>count qm2 GetOperation eID, count, op fDf:Jec`[ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 0GEK xV\F DeleteOperation eID,count A#*0mJ8IK count=count-1
@wb V@ End If (h%!Kun count=count+1 sa{X.}i%E Wend t\X5B ]EZ op.Type = "ShiftZ" zgV{S
Qo op.val1 = taq-0.01 K_(o
D
O op.parent = parID .M!HVq47m AddOperation eID, op x,pzX( ;kY'DKL( Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam )=#QTiJ vn7<>k>dx 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description S
7RB`I5 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 0@vSl%I+ GetEntity eID, entity !>TH#sU$ entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" Gz@'W%6yaV SetEntity eID, entity 5\lOZYHX zrri&QDF< Update 4 @ )|N' Print "DONE!" (bY#!16C: I8rtta End Sub Nw*
>$v B[}#m'Lv 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: C[z5&
x2 ]25 x X Accommodation = 4 Diopters U:"E:Bxz;m Pupil Diameter = 4 mm X H,1\J-S Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 jNBvy1 Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 4vQ]7`I.f Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019
$ac
VJI? Set lens thickness = 3.927 QE1DTU Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 F6`$5%$M;? Set pupil diameter = 4 |hk?'WGc`0 DONE! g)nsP
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