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简介 r(cS{oni pN*>A^ 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 ?F?!QrL "=yaeEp 模型 ub,Sj{Mq" 2+"# 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 J#:%| F% IWm|6@y Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 <]CO}r
在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. $ZQP f ;"joebZ/ 光源 \8_&@uLm dxMz! 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 ~(I\O?k>H LAMTf"a 6wnfAli. 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 *]x]U >EF 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 *(o~pxFTR pw- C=MY] 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 q7m-} mBN~ 8@b@y|#]X 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 zJdlHa{ ajkRL|^ 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 42#
rhgW 视网膜的散射 x8zUGvtQ gfih;i.pY 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 Eer rIV =P0~=UP ,Y9lp)w 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 Nv #vfh9}P 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 sEhdkN}6 g w}t.3} K-p1v!IC 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 p1G!-\l 脚本 BS+N Du[$6 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: sbkWJy NsWyxcty 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 BhdJ/C^ 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 H$1R\rE` 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 qjUQ2d 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 &IOChQ`8P Cd6^aFoK! 分析 10}\7p8 Et`z7Q*e 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 |*OS;FD5 m./lrz 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 R:i7Rb2C 脚本代码 _~5{l_v|I A9$q;8= < Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. =$Xdn' /lAt&0 Dim entity As T_ENTITY 9<\wa/# Dim op As T_OPERATION IY,&/MCh Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL F!'b_gmz Dim A As Double kF6X?mqgD Dim pupilDiam As Double 3x'BMAA+ Dim eID As Long [<f\+g2ct Dim parID As Long 1 ,[T;pdDd Dim count As Integer "E8-76n Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double p# O%<S@? Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double r-&4<=C/N Dim curv As Double, conic As Double 'S@C,x%2, Dim ok As Long 9$UjZ$ v ~~:i+-[ Sub Main J%3S3C2*m {gK
i15t '用户输入对话框 7P=1+2V Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 R;'Pe> TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0
MCL5a@BX) Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 l"b78n OKButton 40,91,90,21 M,q'
CancelButton 190,91,90,21 c%Kv"Z%f Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 a|TP 2m TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 !Edc]rg7 End Dialog eP[azC"G[ Dim dlg As UserDialog 9[6xo! ##1[/D( ok = Dialog (dlg) dl(cYP8L mcp}F|ws If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed ,MuLu,$/ Print "Execution cancelled." ]}~*uT}> End xREqcH,vU End If d!e$BiC B.Ic8' 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty YNHn# 98\ If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then U#d",s A = 0 'Default accommodation @j5W4HU Else )uZ<?bkQ A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) )5Gzk&| End If D3(|bSca Ny
p5= If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then :=UeYm
@ pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter 2O`uzT$ Else ^e<0-uM"s pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) e=1&mO? End If u+z$+[lm!G iV(B0z Print " " !T6oD]x3 Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" uTBls8 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" >77
/e@ I zM =?,` ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation g9'50<|J taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness l3b$b%0' t 0nGZ%` Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens 2,E&}a|;b CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens -O^ b r >u0Y Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens DZR kK3 CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens Xv9kJ Rfeiv tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness ) m%ghpX 6./h0kD` nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction u}qfwVX Z -`&4>\o2Lx 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation @X\Sh>H nBWrkVX '************************************************************************* ^['% wA% 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) g@`14U/| '************************************************************************* ~}$:iyJV(> eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) %n=!H GetCustomElement eID, entity >p}d:t/ (
y'i{:B parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) "|.>pD#0& #:DDx5%x<b ' Delete any shift(s) in z bhnm<RZ count = 0 -TjYQ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count \aU^c24> GetOperation eID, count, op q'hMf?_ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then l/DV
?27 DeleteOperation eID,count hc`9Y count=count-1 rcOpOoU| End If I8
8y9sW count=count+1 V[rNJf1z Wend i8Y l1nF nxA]EFS 'Set new shift in MDGcK/$')f op.Type = "ShiftZ" &s\$&%| op.val1 = taq aluXh? op.parent = parID <@A/`3_O) AddOperation eID, op G0^23j Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 |hiYV `0=0IPVd '************************************************************************* HC?yodp^ 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens .hSacd '************************************************************************* zVGjXuNa eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) B[S.6"/H GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic -]+XTsL [j
'Ogm7" SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant U@ALo Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant gupB8 .! *P61q\2Z '************************************************************************* y@nWa\iG 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens C ])Q#!D| '************************************************************************* 9hmCvQgtf eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) Olj]A]v} GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic $io-<Z#Q =yz#L@\! SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost 7I&7YhFI Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost 23_<u]V Q7N4@w;e '************************************************************************* one^XYy1% 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) w>IkC+.? '************************************************************************* 9RE{,mos2v --Dw parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) y$r9Y!?s p27A#Uu2} ' Delete any z-shift(s) ^;6~=@#*C count = 0 h$f/NSct2 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count nxsQDw\hy GetOperation eID, count, op j<szQ%tJlI If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then h|!B;D DeleteOperation eID,count k]qZOO} count=count-1 JAC W#'4hV End If vk5pnCM^3 count=count+1 [YHvyfk~_ Wend #Vs/1y`() xp)#a_} 'Set new z-shift V~Tjz%< op.Type = "ShiftZ" R`76Ae`R8 op.val1 = tlens ~BERs;4 op.parent = parID d#ya"e> AddOperation eID, op ?uU0NKZA Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens Te[[xhTyw IywovN Tr '************************************************************************* 7v?tSob:b 'Lens index of refraction S4qh8c '************************************************************************* 7@fd[ eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) c5;YKON GetModelMaterial eID, mat 8kW9.
ii2oWU mat.Nd = nlens /v5Pk.!o SetModelMaterial eID, mat qt^%jIv Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens a}i{b2B &I'~:nWpt '************************************************************************* 'x+0
yd 'Pupil diameter u\t[rC=yd '************************************************************************* ^nbze eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) Jgtvia z9w@-]) 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) $rFv(Qc^= iL|*g3`-f SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" iN`/pW/JE /D1Bf:'( ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens zHb<YpU parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) @]3(l eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) &U4]hawbOU count = 0 &Eidc . While GetOperationCount(eID)>count II>X6 GetOperation eID, count, op qgI
Jg6x/} If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then U|{WtuR DeleteOperation eID,count M? [lpH3 count=count-1 ,yV
pB)IQ End If ?z:xQ*#X count=count+1 *ivbk /8 Wend T?AGQcG op.Type = "ShiftZ" Kw!`u^> op.val1 = taq-0.01 Z"Et]xSU%$ op.parent = parID Q.z2 (& AddOperation eID, op a P{xMB#1h +S;8=lzuV Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam OQ+?nB $ZcmE<7k 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description wTIf#y1=9 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) et9c<' GetEntity eID, entity D|e 6$O5o entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" c}QQ8'_ SetEntity eID, entity 7DOAG[gH g-+p(Ll| Update Z
NCq/ Print "DONE!" ,P auP~L Xo%A nqk End Sub 6bHj<6>MX Rx`0VQ 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: tCc}}2bC& @Cz1rKU^l Accommodation = 4 Diopters n0vPW^EQ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm *,'"\n Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 LR9'BUfFv Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 6@l:(-(j2A Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 i
w m7M Set lens thickness = 3.927 t:M>&r:BL Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 //wmJ | Set pupil diameter = 4 xHD!8B) DONE! QQ!,W':
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