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简介 `uusUw-Gf &vN!>bR 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 `#`C.:/n p}gA8o 模型 3&M0@/ Gkfzb>_V] 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 L5KcI '4~I%Z7L Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 M($GZ~ b%A 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. UMD\n<+cG, Qu8=zI>t 光源 7!Im|7Ty })uyq_nz 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 ?/sn"~" 'BgR01w J j8^#698X 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 *nHMQ/uf 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 -T+'3</T \{a5]G(4s 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 +N2ILE8[< {dE(.Z?]!# 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 ?GLCd7TP KZ AF9 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 >nvK{6xR: 视网膜的散射 L %ifl:K LZs'hA<L 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 aAn p7\7 Z:x`][vg x6Gl|e[jv 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 368 g>/#' 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 hV)
`e"r\s tBl(E z?|bs?HKS 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 4,Uqcw?!F' 脚本 #a
tL2(wJ -*J!Ws(9 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: /"~UGn]R z" ?WT$ 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 j:2F97 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 Wy/h"R\= 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。
\ Gi oSg 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 a gL@A mC(YO y 分析 EaL>~:j {/aHZ<I&^h 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 01RW|rN {9XNh[NbP 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 I};*O6D` 脚本代码 ^1_[UG ;3bUgI}.J Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. u'DpZ _nX8f
& Dim entity As T_ENTITY ;$4&Qp:# Dim op As T_OPERATION a=9QwEZ Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL %S$$*|_G Dim A As Double N:+d=G`x Dim pupilDiam As Double A
McZm0c` Dim eID As Long ?FR-aXx Dim parID As Long H(M{hfa| Dim count As Integer j}(m$j' Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double .EH1;/ Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double YGc:84S Dim curv As Double, conic As Double :l iDoGDi Dim ok As Long JB.U& F>X<=YO0 Sub Main w
$`w puMbB9) '用户输入对话框 \W=
qqE] Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 :IfwhI) TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 P46Q3EE
Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 rQ U6*f OKButton 40,91,90,21 tp&|*M3 CancelButton 190,91,90,21 AR$SQ_4 Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 "QiLu=Rq TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 >&7^yXS End Dialog l5KO_"hy Dim dlg As UserDialog G\V*j$}! 'ShK7j$ ok = Dialog (dlg) :rjfAe=s yq^Ma If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed
R*S:/s Print "Execution cancelled." h@(+(fVHrp End x)eoz2E1 End If ,j.bdlI# n5IQKYrg 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty %k )H7nj If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then D&~%w! A = 0 'Default accommodation ?N!kYTR%} Else !7MRHI/0C A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) @>V;guJC% End If -%^'x&e Z|ZB6gP>h1 If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then S'hUh'PZ pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter zEukEA^9` Else MOnTp8 pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) >s0![c oz End If q(~|roKA( BpYxH#4 Print " " WY!4^<|w" Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" t*)mX2R, Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" 6DgdS5GhT_ (+/d*4 ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation n+YUG taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness fBv:
TC% CA5`uh Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens mdEl
CC0 CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens ^w<aS
w :XG~AR/ Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens R<{Vgy CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens cF8 X ,u)jZ7 tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness aW{5m@p{" ACZK]~Y'N* nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction >!a- " 5$cjCjY 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation '\xE56v)F RwOOe7mv '************************************************************************* \x]\W#C 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) 5s`r&2 w '************************************************************************* =+ >>l0=_v eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) c%gL3kOT GetCustomElement eID, entity ;+6><O!G 150-'Q parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 6o(IL-0]c GdVF; ' Delete any shift(s) in z 7Zdg314 count = 0 P R3Arfle While GetOperationCount(eID)>count AovBKB
$ GetOperation eID, count, op ugE!EEy[^ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then QHf&Z*Xtl DeleteOperation eID,count gkA_<,38 count=count-1 "* F`,I3 End If -GHd]7n count=count+1 ih^FH>@ Wend ,$>l[G;Bm Vdd 'Set new shift in WulyMcJ op.Type = "ShiftZ" 3,6f}:CG op.val1 = taq 9q_{_%G% op.parent = parID q`IY;"~ AddOperation eID, op gD4vV'| Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 hd~#I<8;2 <r t$~} '************************************************************************* 7*KUM6z 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens L~Peerby '************************************************************************* Bdb}4X rL eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) f(~N+2} GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic %<(d%&~ t&J A1|q SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant M\{\WyeX Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant !|H,g wqU LSJ.pBl\X '************************************************************************* @*Ry`)T 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens f5Gn!xF '************************************************************************* Q!V:=d eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) Mh5>
hD GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic :=ek~s.UV 2HN*j~>i~ SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost 2tpu v(H; Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost T>rmm7F Q+9:]Bt '************************************************************************* rlY0UA, 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) vB_3lAJt@ '************************************************************************* K3[+L`pz ;..z)OP_ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 2J&~b 8 : x0(bM g>7 ' Delete any z-shift(s) n-" (~ count = 0 *?HGi>]\| While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ,S=[# GetOperation eID, count, op L#byYB;E{ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then _r{H)}9 DeleteOperation eID,count \+O.vRc"M count=count-1 <;PKec End If ckA\{v count=count+1 |zpy!X 3 Wend *kFd#b+xB 2WFZ6 'Set new z-shift 9AX}V6\+ op.Type = "ShiftZ" @GQfBV|3 op.val1 = tlens :1j8!R5 op.parent = parID Jp]?tlT AddOperation eID, op `M6"=)twu Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens P7XZ|Td4* ra T9 '************************************************************************* yT@Aj;X0v 'Lens index of refraction JpC=ACF '************************************************************************* d,98W=7 eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) cE
'LE1DK GetModelMaterial eID, mat b3E1S+\=~ .F 6US<] mat.Nd = nlens |du%c`wl SetModelMaterial eID, mat 3u/JcU-< Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens 'lA}E 1~L;S '************************************************************************* :&vX0
Ce: 'Pupil diameter VRQ`-# '************************************************************************* /x ?@Mn> eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) 6-_g1vq I$t8Ko._" 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole)
h{^v756L 4@{cK| SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" `z(o01y W<X3!zuKSg ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens =eU=\td^ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) u_^mN9h eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) ^:{8z;w!( count = 0 nD
BWm`kN While GetOperationCount(eID)>count //2O#Fg{/ GetOperation eID, count, op cj>UxU][eS If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then QX<n^W DeleteOperation eID,count BJux5Nh count=count-1 . fja;aG End If Z&Ob,Ru count=count+1 A
r]*?:4y[ Wend Lxp}o7>K op.Type = "ShiftZ" u>fMO9X}2 op.val1 = taq-0.01 HRyFjAR\? op.parent = parID 6^LXctW. AddOperation eID, op &>Ve4!i
q UXBWCo;- Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam kJ5z['4? .8|wc 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description :lB`K>)iB} eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) #("M4}~ GetEntity eID, entity x*vD^1"'P entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" prj( SetEntity eID, entity F}u'A,Hc &6vaLx Update 9Y.(xp &vw Print "DONE!" !y b06Z\f #]jl{K\f#X End Sub "Wg,]$IvU /(JG\Ut 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: 'Eur[~k ) 1AAL0F\B Accommodation = 4 Diopters #!F>cez Pupil Diameter = 4 mm v@%4i~N Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 NF8<9 Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 >g{&Qx`& Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 {OEjITm Set lens thickness = 3.927 N4+Cg t( Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 gvR]"h Set pupil diameter = 4 ~ZVz
sNrx DONE! F9o7=5WAb
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