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简介 :"y7Weh !)l%EJngL 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 nEa'e5
lg q:D0$YY0 模型 ozxK?AMgG D
KMbs 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 ~8n~4 f6aT[Nw< Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 oto
wvm 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. =4w^)'/ RfVV(X 光源 hD9'`SQ ?@,f[ U- 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 66Cj=n5 6LF^[b/u Ej{eq^n 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 X=!n,=xI 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 tp,mw24 STF}~`b:3 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 y 1jGf83 9DP75 ti 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 [>aoDJ \Im\*A 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 ^w.(*; / 视网膜的散射 v#YS`];B ovBd%wJ 0 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 f4\p1MYQ 88+\mX;A# >TJKH^7n 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 b6E8ase:F 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 X0r#,u ~%!U,)- FO3eg"{N 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 9rvxp; 脚本 ,h)T( DoPF/m} 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: Xy(SzJ% 5l7L@Ey 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 Xk9r"RmiOb 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 qKb-aP- 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 xYkgNXGs5 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 NcY0pAR* C,e$g 分析 fKK-c9F 3S2p:\] 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 R.WsC bU @W5hrei 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 +\(ay"+ d 脚本代码 }W>[OY0^A d}B_ll#j- Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. #o |&MV_j QIz N#;g Dim entity As T_ENTITY hZ / Dim op As T_OPERATION <cS7L0h Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL uB%^2{uU Dim A As Double lIc9,|FL Dim pupilDiam As Double &DhA$o "' Dim eID As Long $(mdz)Cfy Dim parID As Long {*r$m>HpM Dim count As Integer E1 gTrMo Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double ~9'4w-Sy Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double Ch&]<#E>` Dim curv As Double, conic As Double 7(+ZfY~w" Dim ok As Long 3usA bqwW9D( Sub Main rZCAj WuQ<AS= '用户输入对话框 ~ z&A Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 Am`A[rV0 TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 )B5gs%u] Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1
G?1V~6 OKButton 40,91,90,21 I)/7M}t` CancelButton 190,91,90,21 %oKc?'L0 Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1
G#n)|p TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 T9v#Jb6 End Dialog GyM%vGl
3 Dim dlg As UserDialog 5i-;bLm
o*ED!y7 ok = Dialog (dlg) |DS@90} !!X9mI|2| If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed "?(Fb_}i Print "Execution cancelled." ITY!=>S- End v?"ee&Y6 End If [?6D1b[ Z/UVKJm>: 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty MxA'T(Ay If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then g<tTZD\g A = 0 'Default accommodation 0g uc00IN Else `V2j[Fz A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) ~g6[ [ End If t SLl'XeN Z8n%=(He If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then { RX| pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter hg/&[/eodm Else 9NXiCP9A pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) Zd/~ *ZA End If NGZ>: NJ!#0[@C Print " " q x }fn/: Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" bjX$idL Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" i4Cb&h^ `%I{l ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation _ShJ3\,K taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness Y]0y
-H Z`KXXlJ^i Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens zQfxw?~A CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens m;1e xa q)i(wEdUZ Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens YAG3PWmD CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens 2~'quA f TtMmz tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness Q'M Ez OB@t(KNx*P nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction .HJHJ.Js8X &y+*3,!n8 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation 5-po>1g' ;$;/#8`> '************************************************************************* dAt[i\S 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) H<?yG-> '************************************************************************* 0~+:~$VrT eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) e-t`\5b; GetCustomElement eID, entity 9xp
;$14 P6'I:/V parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) oABPGyv ^:j:;\; ' Delete any shift(s) in z mmK_xu~f28 count = 0 'FXZ`+r| While GetOperationCount(eID)>count EZW?(%b>H GetOperation eID, count, op N^at{I6C If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then . r"?w DeleteOperation eID,count KrzM]x count=count-1 ~'mhC46d End If y~ LVK8 count=count+1 ,FO|'l Wend bm?TMhC AV!
cCQ 'Set new shift in gC 4#!P op.Type = "ShiftZ" $^>vJk< op.val1 = taq -lEh}r op.parent = parID k]sT'}[n AddOperation eID, op ~`.%n7 Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 J n/=v\K@ \}W.RQ^3 '************************************************************************* $
7!GA9Bn 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens mYX) =B{ '************************************************************************* -]%@,L^@ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) C3gz)!3 GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic %9M49s gV BV@v!W SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant M?lr#}d Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant {D< ?.' ny}utO '************************************************************************* ".IhV<R 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens O:)@J b2 '************************************************************************* G=e[TR)i eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) "Q4{6FH+mB GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic qMOD TM~+ $_kU)<e3 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost 471}'3 Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost -`&;3
7 M`'2
a '************************************************************************* uyIA]OtyN 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) jT',+ '************************************************************************* va<pHSX&I@ =j-{Mxb3 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) .+sIjd $-73}[UA 4 ' Delete any z-shift(s) g;T`~
count = 0 ML-g"wv While GetOperationCount(eID)>count >E3OYa?G GetOperation eID, count, op we3t,?`rk7 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 10(N|2'q DeleteOperation eID,count mDUS9> count=count-1 3(kZfH~ End If Y!zlte|P count=count+1 =9-c*bL Wend Q>$v~v?9 PR0]:t)E 'Set new z-shift gqd#rjtfz op.Type = "ShiftZ" T28#?Lp6] op.val1 = tlens RWYA` op.parent = parID &CgD smJo# AddOperation eID, op :M16ijkx Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens b.(^CYYQ I6+5 mv\ '************************************************************************* fqxMTTg@ 'Lens index of refraction +FI]0r '************************************************************************* nM#\4Q[}Jh eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) lUmaNZ GetModelMaterial eID, mat hdzaU&w G8VWx&RE mat.Nd = nlens L-yC 'C SetModelMaterial eID, mat *P>F#
~X Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens <>cajQ@ }/|1"D '************************************************************************* <#sK~G 'Pupil diameter %y'#@%kO:S '************************************************************************* 38F8(QU{ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) 70@:!HI] zKo,B/Ke4 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) P:G^@B3^ CKK8 o9W SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" 7y!{lr=n 8Pq|jK " ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens _:J!
|' parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) r?{tBju^ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) e([}dz count = 0 \RJ428sxn While GetOperationCount(eID)>count [1Rs~T" GetOperation eID, count, op tG'c79D\ If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 2]|+.9B DeleteOperation eID,count &0'BCT count=count-1 dXZV1e1b End If 5 Jd,]~KAP count=count+1 1:?WvDN= Wend b@Fa|>"_ op.Type = "ShiftZ" B|tP3< op.val1 = taq-0.01 ral0@\T op.parent = parID -70Ut
4B AddOperation eID, op 7+fFKZFKF |2Q;SaI^\ Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam MOXDR 278
6tZF, 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description mU;TB%#) eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) >354O6 GetEntity eID, entity 1r$q $\ entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" J}BS/Tr}= SetEntity eID, entity _|3n h;-m o`G@Je_}x Update xRb-m$B}L Print "DONE!" ^j@,N&W:lG \\_Qv End Sub *+5AN306 bx1' 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: koFY7;_<? )!'SSVaRs Accommodation = 4 Diopters OX!9T.j Pupil Diameter = 4 mm 9k1n-po Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 Lf3:' n Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 Pl
U!-7 Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 z"|^Y|`m Set lens thickness = 3.927 C;_10Rb2ut Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 Eg>MG87 Set pupil diameter = 4 6tVB}UKs DONE! m3 ,i{
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