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简介 ]F~5l?4u# -uZ^UG!K 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 Jz6PqU|= b8Qm4 b?:4 模型 2%I:s6r uH#NJoRO 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 HFazqQ[ j.K yPWO Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 :Z)s'd. 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. Smp+}-3O c?d#Bj ? 光源 >,v~,<3
i #3S/TBy, 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。
>Pu*MD; C{D2mSS LLE~V~j 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 H_Yy.yi 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 |Yx8Ez 1#V0g Q 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 ]kPco4 3O.-'U1K 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 ;WhB2/5v ?OSd8E+itM 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 xfzR>NU 视网膜的散射 #SdaTMLFf IO+z:D{ 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 #df43_u JjwuxZVr O Wwz>tE 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 Z`W.(gua 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 \@xnC$dd/ (7IF5g\ b7n~z1$ 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 zR4huo 脚本 I4*N oTL "]3`' 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: l*eA
?Qz Zj JD@,j 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 L=$P 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 bY<" $);s 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 AIeYy-f 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 0K!9MDT}* sOJ~PRA 分析 myo/}58Nv B[$e;h*Aw[ 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 iPIA&)x}
]Cj&C/( 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 aZ'p:9e 脚本代码 #Ky0` n (X8N?tJ Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. Eg9502Bl~8 RHxd6Gs" Dim entity As T_ENTITY dug RO[ Dim op As T_OPERATION G$Dg*< Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL %6n;B|! Dim A As Double Wj3H
y4 Dim pupilDiam As Double (*EN! -/ Dim eID As Long H$;\TG@, Dim parID As Long /oI''O%M Dim count As Integer CI,-qi Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double ua{eri[ Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double C$5v:Fk Dim curv As Double, conic As Double ^'h~#7s Dim ok As Long %8ul}}d9 [:o#d`^ Sub Main C?|gf?1p ^,X+
n5q;m '用户输入对话框 qj|GAGrQ2 Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 +V) (,f1 TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 $lv
g.u Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 <
;g0?M\ OKButton 40,91,90,21 DJbj@ 2W[ CancelButton 190,91,90,21 Y}Ov`ZM!r Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 T7,tJk,( TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 g5cR.]oz End Dialog n_!&Wr^CX Dim dlg As UserDialog U3Q'ZT PvM<#zq_ ok = Dialog (dlg) ZpZ~[BtQ X:dj5v If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed (d ( whlF Print "Execution cancelled." NO<myN+N End 9uq|
VU5 End If | zA ey\ )TWf/Lcp 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty )j$Bo{ If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then \/5 8# A = 0 'Default accommodation |[qI2-e l? Else (R0 A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) ,Pl[SMt! End If 41:Z8YL( g` Wr3 If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then Ghj6&K%b0 pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter P}PSS#nn Else &38Fj'l pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) a{HvrWs?Q End If A*$vk2VWw OLiYjYd Print " " M--6oR7 Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" o~~_ >V)W Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" ~r{Nc j w0.#/6 ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation ?6[>HX; taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness bkY7]'.bz& >s{[d$ Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens ^awl-CG CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens Ar\`OhR l@^RbF[' Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens UgUW4x'+ CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens ^EB}e15" xX&*&RPZ tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness KJ-D|N,8@^ ;mMn-+ 3< nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction x|Q6[Y HO wJ2L 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation aC:rrS ';
qT '************************************************************************* l\S..B
+ 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) 10a=[\ Q '************************************************************************* b)df V= eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) \^_F>M GetCustomElement eID, entity T$+}Srb "=Ziy4V parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) d+/d)cu }e82e ' Delete any shift(s) in z \Oc3rJ( count = 0 O ~"^\]\ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count `a<G7 GetOperation eID, count, op a
ZfX | If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then F35e/YfG DeleteOperation eID,count :@pmgp count=count-1 $bN%x/ End If )`L!eN count=count+1 r*kk/$,2 Wend t4,6`d?C /+3|tb 'Set new shift in JNZKzyJ9K op.Type = "ShiftZ" ;KnnAZJ op.val1 = taq =LuA[g op.parent = parID c|I{U[(U AddOperation eID, op 9<xe%V=ki Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 1tD4I "--rz;+K '************************************************************************* 2#sE\D 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens jtd{=[STU '************************************************************************* fIFB"toiPE eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) \l#=p+x5 GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic ^D\#*pIO
4$.4,4+ SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant
l_$~~z ~ Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant &ts!D!Hj }bHdU]$} '************************************************************************* f\Pd#$3 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens q7X/"Dfx '************************************************************************* {y :/9 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) ~uV.jh GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic A/GEDG
? n|{x\@VeF SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost 'os-+m@ Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost "&7v.-Yk( /\C9FGS '************************************************************************* j_Dx4*vg 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) IUI>/87u '************************************************************************* 3vmZB2QG {L3lQ8Z parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) rjfQ\W;}U y_\vXY' ' Delete any z-shift(s) cl^tX% count = 0 ?e yo2:-$ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count b[H& vp GetOperation eID, count, op )PR{ia64;< If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then `y
m^0x8 DeleteOperation eID,count MX
qH count=count-1 *"4
OXyV End If $Nnz|y count=count+1 R$NH [Tz Wend kE/>Ys@w YS/{q~$t 'Set new z-shift (l9U7^S"{K op.Type = "ShiftZ" ~^:/t<N op.val1 = tlens .}2^YOmd op.parent = parID ~M+|g4W% AddOperation eID, op = R; 0Ed&b Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens YP+0uZ[g hE+6z%A8 '************************************************************************* @yqy$I 'Lens index of refraction rAk*~OK '************************************************************************* ^D"}OQoh eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) &QLCij5: GetModelMaterial eID, mat [\eUCt F $d4eGL2S mat.Nd = nlens ~%(r47n SetModelMaterial eID, mat NhXTt!S6C Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens *p p1U>, |$^,e%bE '************************************************************************* r(0I>|u 'Pupil diameter }G_ i+ '************************************************************************* QV7K~qi eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) wE;??'O'l [Kx_ %Le
'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) 8kX3.X` d8/lEmv[ SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" Ond"Eq=r H>a3\M ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens +u:8#!X$RD parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) >J|I eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) rN8 ZQiJC count = 0 !G Z2|~f9 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count p~DlZk" GetOperation eID, count, op +.mIC:9 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then B$_F)2%m; DeleteOperation eID,count TdG[b1xN
count=count-1 ycIT=AFYqd End If _|x%M}O}, count=count+1 _)ZAf%f? Wend 0A/GWSmF op.Type = "ShiftZ" j"yL6Q9P op.val1 = taq-0.01 3@\vU~=P: op.parent = parID 7f~DD8 R AddOperation eID, op -|:7<$2#I C5*j0} Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam UdT~h ko>SnE|w# 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description rM/*_0[`d eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) \/. Of]YQ GetEntity eID, entity rKP"|+^ entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" #$e~o}(r SetEntity eID, entity Z#3wMK~ #sq -V,8 Update u3dh MnUn Print "DONE!" ?,;|*A VgN`'
iC`I End Sub dPPe_% Ilr tlA4oVII 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: 9L*gxI> qd%5[A Accommodation = 4 Diopters /px*v<Aw1 Pupil Diameter = 4 mm j}X4#{jgC Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 {uDL"~^\ Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 JwRdr8q Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 _|g(BK2} Set lens thickness = 3.927 \"<&8 Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 \V +$2
:A Set pupil diameter = 4 p}}}~ lC/ DONE! k'xnl"q
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