"Modern Lens Design" 2nd Edition by Warren J. Smith
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Contents of Modern Lens Design 2nd Edition XDOY`N^L
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1 Introduction tE<H|_{L
1.1 Lens Design Books f
e\$@-
1.2 Reference Material 7)`nD<j 5
1.3 Specifications Y']\Jq{OS
1.4 Lens Design h-q3U%R4}@
1.5 Lens Design Program Features *\+\5pu0
1.6 About This Book Yvw(t j5_5
J\twZ>w~0
2 Automatic Lens Design y" RF;KW>
2.2 The Merit Function ;K:zmH
2.3 Local Minima "l3_=Gua
2.4 The Landscape Lens Cjm`|~&e+
2.5 Types of Merit Function `VA"vwz
2.6 Stagnation Gp ?a(-K5
2.7 Generalized Simulated Annealing mqD}BOif
2.8 Considerations about Variables for Optimization Lb:g4A"
2.9 How to Increase the Speed or Field of a System and Avoid Ray Failure Problems V_ :1EBzz
2.10 Test Plate Fits, Melt Fits, Thickness Fits and Reverse Aberration Fits ,w<S|#W~+
2.11 Spectral Weighting sJL&:!}V>
2.12 How to Get Started j4gF;-m<
nLbFg0?+t
3 Improving a Design Ns>-
o
3.1 Lens Design Tip Sheet: Standard Improvement Techniques 1H?
u Qy
3.2 Glass Changes ( Index and V Values ) 5sj4;w [
3.3 Splitting Elements 4KhV|#-;k
3.4 Separating a Cemented Doublet CGW. I$u
3.5 Compounding an Element 3`t#UY).F
3.6 Vignetting and Its Uses cLpYW7vZ[
3.7 Eliminating a Weak Element; the Concentric Problem [+2[`K
c]
3.8 Balancing Aberrations ##,a0s ^
3.9 The Symmetrical Principle XKj|f`
3.10 Aspheric Surfaces n\Z!ff/
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4 Evaluation: How Good is This Design c6 9C
4.1 The Uses of a Preliminary Evaluation !#], hok8X
4.2 OPD versus Measures of Performance eBZXI)pP h
4.3 Geometric Blur Spot Size versus Certain Aberrations R1adWBD>
4.4 Interpreting MTF - The Modulation Transfer Function Q|S.R1L^
4.5 Fabrication Considerations B3pCy~*5
"h{q#~s
5 Lens Design Data ! E<[JM
5.1 About the Sample Lens Designs q<xCb%#Jl
5.2 Lens Prescriptions, Drawings, and Aberration Plots cM(:xv
5.3 Estimating the Potential of a Redesign \(?rQg@U
5.4 Scaling a Desing, Its Aberrations, and Its MTF x|/|jzJSX
5.5 Notes on the Interpretation of Ray Intercept Plots I5k$H$
5.6 Various Evaluation Plot |s7s6k)mm
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6 Telescope Objective CKYc\<zR0l
6.1 The Thin Airspaced Doublet {2O1"|s ,
6.2 Merit Function for a Telescope Objective zGb|) A~,
6.3 The Design of an f/7 Cemented Doublet Telescope Objective MK%9:wZ
6.4 Spherochromatism RuL i,'u
6.5 Zonal Spherical Aberration R/~p>ap g8
6.6 Induced Aberrations f(>p=%=O
6.7 Three-Element Objectives [<lHCQXJ/
6.8 Secondary Spectrum (Apochromatic Systems) ;5]Lf$tZ
6.9 The Design of an f/7 Apochromatic Triplet ,`'Qi %O
6.10 The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design m|SUV
6.11 A Final Note wcrCEX=I>{
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7 Eyepieces and Magnifiers (!ux+ K
7.1 Eyepieces b o6d)Q
7.2 A Pair of Magnifier Designs 3 ]5^r}
7.3 The Simple, Classical Eyepieces \\iQEy<i
7.4 Design Story of an Eyepiece for a 6*30 Binocular FvaUsOy "
7.5 Four-Element Eyepieces ^h(ew1:
7.6 Five-Element Eyepieces ] AINK UI0
7.7 Very High Index Eyepiece/Magnifier iOd&B B6
7.8 Six- and Seven-Element Eyepieces ak7bJ~)X=
j@n)kPo,1
8 Cooke Triplet Anastigmats kYzIp
8.1 Airspaced Triplet Anastigmats `!ob GMTQ<
8.2 Glass Choice ef 8s<5"4
8.3 Vertex Length and Residual Aberrations %R}qg6dL
8.4 Other Design Considerations 8r*E-akuyr
8.5 A Plastic, Aspheric Triplet Camera Lens %6|nb:Oa
8.6 Camera Lens Anastigmatism Design “from Scrach” – The Cooke Triplet 52@C9Q,
8.7 Possible Improvement to Our “Basic” Triplet |U kR'Ma
8.7 The Rear Earth (Lanthanum) Glasses iN bIp"W
8.9 Aspherizing the Surfaces &y\prip
8.10 Increasing the Element Thickness :NhO2L
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9 Split Triplets $.Qkb@}
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10 The Tessar, Heliar, and Other Compounded Triplets UE8kpa)cQ
10.1 The Classic Tessar %v=*Wb\3|
10.2 The Heliar/Pentac 2":pE U{E
10.3 The Portrait Lens and the Enlarger Lens JgxtlYjl
10.4 Other Compounded Triplets MUaq7B _>
10.5 Camera Lens Anastigmat Design “from Scratch” – The Tessar and Heliar []\+k31D
W =D4r
11 Double-Meniscus Anastigmats T-'OwCB1q
11.1 Meniscus Components Q)~aiI0
11.2 The Hypergon, Totogon, and Metrogon 35h 8O,Y
11.3 A Two Element Aspheric Thick Meniscus Camera Lens [ 8Y:65
11.4 Protar, Dagor, and Convertible Lenses :N:yLd} &
11.5 The Split Dagor S(k3 `;K
11.6 The Dogmar =rMUov h
11.7 Camera Lens Anastigmat Design “from Scratch” – The Dogmar Lens ^P[e1?SZG
%41m~Wh2
12 The Biotar or Double-Gauss Lens >"??!|XG^
12.1 The Basic Six-Element Version ^ sOQi6pL
12.2 28 Things You Should Know about the Double-Gauss/Biotar Lens *l"T$ H
12.3 The Seven-Element Biotar - Split-Rear Singlet '*Z1tDFS
12.4 The Seven-Element Biotar - Broken Contact Front Doublet S.m G?zbw
12.5 The Seven-Element Biotar - One Compounded Outer Element #Vnkvvv
12.6 The Eight-Element Biotar 5GI, o|[s6
12.7 A “Doubled Double-Gauss” Relay p I1- cV,`
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13 Telephoto Lenses $POu\TO
13.1 The Basic Telephoto WltQ63u
13.2 Close-up or Macro Lenses qFicBpB
13.3 Telephoto Designs HCIU!4rH
13.4 Design of a 200-mm f/4 Telephoto for a 35-mm Camera from Scratch 034iK[ib"
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14 Reversed Telescope (Retrofocus and Fish-Eye) Lenses /74QMx?
14.1 The Reverse Telephoto Principle ;(b 9#b.
14.2 The Basic Retrofocus Lens M-$%Rzl_
14.3 Fish-Eye, or Extreme Wide-Angle Reverse Telephoto, Lenses #%pI(,o=
J-[,KME_^
15 Wide Angle Lenses with Negative Outer Lenses kGH }[w
] vz%iv_
16 The Petzval Lens; Head-up Display Lenses ,cX D.y
16.1 The Petzval Portrait Lens v3*_9e
16.2 The Petzval Projection Lens X@ --m6-
16.3 The Petzval with a Field Flattener t*=CZE -
16.4 Very Height Speed Petzval Lenses ;"xfOzQ
16.5 Head-up Display (HUD) Lenses, Biocular Lenses, and Head/Helmet Mounted Display(HMD) Systems [ZN tCnv
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17 Microscope Objectives O;+ maY^l
17.1 General Considerations 'S20\hwt-
17.2 Classic Objective Design Forms; The Aplanatic Front aE Bu *`-j
17.3 Flat-Field Objectives [xbSYu,&
17.4 Reflecting Objectives B~ ?*?Z'
17.5 The Microscope Objective Designs FXpJqlhNv
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18 Mirror and Catadioptric Systems C0sX gM
18.1 The Good and Bad Points of Mirrors jkQ *D(;p
18.2 The Classic Two-Mirror Systems mbKZJ{|4s
18.3 Catadioptric Systems [NF'oRRD9s
18.4 Aspheric Correctors and Schmidt Systems :W"~
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18.5 Confocal Paraboloids aKJwofD
18.6 Unobscured Systems R]JT&p|w.1
18.7 Design of a Schmidt-Cassegrain “from Scratch” vRznw&^E
pg6cF
19 Infrared and Ultraviolet Systems mWv3!i;G<s
19.1 Infrared Optics zZ:>do\2
19.2 IR Objective Lenses UgRhWV~f0
19.3 IR Telescope kAKK bmE
19.4 Laser Beam Expanders R1 s`z|?
19,5 Ultraviolet Systems V~ UN
19.6 Microlithographic Lenses ~b(i&DVK
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20 Zoom Lenses ?'IP4z;y
20.1 Zoom Lenses Z
EQ@IS:Y
20.2 Zoom Lenses for Point and Shoot Cameras XP`Nf)3{Yd
20.3 A 20X Video Zoom Lens FX;QG94!
20.4 A Zoom Scanner Lens :)8VdWg
20.5 A Possible Zoom Lens Design Procedure 7( #:GD
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21 Projection TV Lenses and Macro Lenses Z/G
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21.1 Projection TV Lenses G5{ T5#
21.2 Macro Lenses B=U 3
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22 Scanner/ , Laser Disk and Collimator Lenses #`~C)= -
22.1 Monochromatic Systems 36.Z0Z1'F>
22.2 Scanner Lenses BIH-"vTy
22.3 Laser Disk, Focusing, and Collimator Lenses T! uM+6|Y
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23 Tolerance Budgeting M|VyV (f
23.1 The Tolerance Budget 1&\0:vA^Y
23.2 Additive Tolerances Upx G@b
23.3 Establishing the Tolerance Budget C:GK,?!Jn'
0`Kj 25
24 Formulary md+nj{Ib
24.1 Sign Conventions, Symbols, and Definitions SP@ > vl+;
24.2 The Cardinal Points V#v`(j%
24.3 Image Equations YP
6` L
24.4 Paraxial Ray Tracing (Surface by Surface) 3N 8t`N
24.5 Invariants +u.1 ;qF
24.6 Paraxial Ray Tracing (Component by Component) fAF1"4f
24.7 Two-Componenet Relationships \ S_Ou
24.8 Third-Order Aberrations – Surface Contributions rr/B= O7
24.9 Third-Order Aberrations – Thin Lens Contributions; The G Sum Eqs ?}qttj
24.10 Stop Shift Equations A4Ru g\p]
24.11 Third-Order Aberrations – Contributions from Aspheric Surfaces {vs
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24.12 Conversion of Aberrations to Wavefront Deformation (OPD) i|c'Lbre`
hC:n5]K
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Glossary XFg 9P}"
Reference Ltv]pH}YN
Index
