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cyqdesign 2016-06-21 11:24

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications eCXw8  
vFg X]&bE  
Joseph W. Goodman \K(QE ~y'W  
rz]M}!>k  
Contents 1i:Q %E F  
1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 /[#5<;  
1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (GXFPEH8  
1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 +a!uS0fIJi  
1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Sx}61?  
2 Random Phasor Sums 7 6T ,'Oz  
2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 Trt1M  
2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 h$rk]UM/Q  
2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 zTS#o#`!\  
2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Xhm)K3RA*T  
2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 Nr:%yvk%s  
2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 |&0zAP"\  
3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 G>w+J'7  
3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 TwLQ;Q  
3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 fVx_]5jM  
3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 g.d~`R@v  
3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 D!nx%%q  
3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 BhC>G2 ^7  
3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 %r >Y)@$Vt  
3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 19 <Lgr  
3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 U.p"JSH L  
3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 }D7} %P]  
3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Tg\wBhJr|  
3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 z< ,rE  
3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44  D/]  
3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 :zLeS-  
3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 !;h`J:dN  
3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 /aX 5G  
3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 HA0Rv#p  
4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 Yi+$g  
4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 c},wW@SF2W  
4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 yy#4DYht  
4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 +je{%,*  
4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 B7ty*)i?  
4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Yo;Mexo!  
4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Lc5I?}:;L  
4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 w!~85""  
4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ERZWK  
4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Z2^B.r#  
4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 ^U[yk'!Y  
4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 ]0@ 06G(y  
4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Bl!R bh\  
4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 QDpzIjJj  
4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 ePxwN?  
4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height UTph(U#  
Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 XYdr~/[HPy  
4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 3~6,fTMz{  
4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6BIr{SY  
4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 CGY,I UG  
4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 z((9vi W  
4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of b5.L== >  
Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 iDrQ4>  
4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 n+%tu"e  
4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 tX 3y{W10"  
4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 1y}tPkOe7O  
4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 kQQhZ8Ch  
4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 w6FVSU]sY  
4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 ,J ZM%f  
4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 'ghwc:Og|%  
4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 cNvh2JI  
4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 #) bqn|0l  
4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 0|D l/1  
4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 "pW@[2Dkx/  
4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 /o]j  
4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 ; 6*Ag#Z  
5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 F|&=\Q  
5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 G;Thz  
5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 AB")aX2% E  
5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 [>wvVv  
5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 F|{F'UXj|  
5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 kV:C=MLI  
5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 tDwj~{a~  
5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 ' &j]~m  
5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 n9x&Ws;  
5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 fS?fNtD6<  
5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 j3yz"-53e  
5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ygS vYMC  
5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 ct-;L' a  
5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 w\2yippI  
5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Qb~&a1&s#  
5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7<p? E7  
5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 y_A?} 'X  
6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 K}1eQS&$a  
6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 IQA<xqX   
6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 D>).^>|q  
6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 gg}^@h&?  
6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 >W7IWhm3  
6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 -y5Z c?e  
6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 2-!n+#Cdf  
6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5'hQ6i8  
6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 [tY+P7j9)  
6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 iz pFl@WS  
6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 K`% I!Br  
6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 z3>oUq{  
6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 H G)c\b  
6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 UOtrq=y  
6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 WA&&*ae5`  
6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Y\1XKAfB  
6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 ~A =?_5kJ  
6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 p&4#9I5  
6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 '-k~qQk)6  
6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 vhaUV#V"  
6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 XOi[[G}  
6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 ZUxlk+o9d  
6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 - yn;Jo2-  
7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 Wy.Xx-3W  
7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Jb4A!g5C  
7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 ?g~g GQV  
7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 maopr$r  
7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 OlI{VszR  
7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Q0cr^24/  
7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 EFKOElG(k  
7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 &?@5G  
7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 byUz  
7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 , BCo/j  
7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 )-4xI4  
7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 "t\gkJyK  
7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 OK"B`*  
8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 rJ UXA<:2  
8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Q]]5\C.  
8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 u/8urxp y  
8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 u/2!v(  
8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 {Z=m5Dy}  
8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 >S:>_&I`I  
8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 |,wp@)e6h  
8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 E-_Q3^  
8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 h&4f9HhS=  
8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 )|@ H#kv?  
8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 /Xd s+V^Z  
8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 L9=D,C~  
8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 [Nn ?:5"  
8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 dq{wFI)  
8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Ka"Z,\T   
8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 G`HL^/Z*  
A Linear Transformations 263 """gV)Y  
B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 WhR j@y  
C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 uM^eoh_  
C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 -b4#/q+bb+  
C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 M9/c8zZ  
C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Vp'Zm:  
D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 d:"]*EZ [  
D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 DGwN*>X  
D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 u0@i3Po  
E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 x{X(Y]*1S  
E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 <6s?M1J  
E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 a3<.F&c+c  
E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 #iOoi9(  
F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 xjOj1Hv  
Bibliography 291 O,kzU,zOs  
Index 299
measure123 2016-06-21 11:26
感谢分享，好书
mang2004 2016-06-25 10:51
经典，谢谢。
herrok 2016-06-25 23:16
谢谢楼主！
mumapiaoyun 2016-07-05 21:29
好高深，了解学习下
光强 2016-07-06 23:32
Speckle Phenomena
东西南北 2016-09-17 20:59
学习来了  谢谢
alvin1989 2016-11-24 02:38
好书啊， 最近在做multimodefiber的实验，觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
bairuizheng 2016-11-24 03:03
谢谢。 k|$08EK $  
hesi 2017-03-18 17:30
很清楚，谢谢！
bincao 2017-07-28 15:36
好书，谢谢
bmw0501 2017-08-02 09:58
好东西，谢谢 >xU$)uE&  
starnoy 2017-08-30 10:05
不错，好东西啊
sniper_2008 2018-07-18 19:08
谢谢分享资料！
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢分享。
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢，感谢
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
谢谢，楼主
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
内容可以。
hesi 2018-12-30 11:44
谢谢楼主！现在能找到的英文电子版跟最终出版的的好像都差第八章。英文电子版的第八章在出版时是第九章，参见中译本
tebsix 2018-12-30 15:12
好高深，了解学习下
k0184990 2019-02-20 01:54
感谢分享，好书
cgl155410 2019-02-20 08:55
感谢分享，好书
icecool258 2019-03-18 12:36
学习学习
arq2008 2021-12-01 17:56
谢谢楼主！
kendall 2022-04-03 09:24
优秀book，支持
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