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cyqdesign 2016-06-21 11:24

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications 5A0K V7N5  
X;K8,A7`  
Joseph W. Goodman sq8tv]  
h#(.(d  
Contents ,gAr|x7_  
1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 yrxx+z|wR  
1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ?TL2'U|M  
1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ]=$-B  
1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9b{g+lMZo  
2 Random Phasor Sums 7 #J%h!#3g  
2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 `~w%Jf  
2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 J8qu]{0I"  
2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 DI $ mD{  
2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ~G|{q VO7A  
2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 ~NNaLl  
2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Y\Fuj)  
3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 &(z8GYBr  
3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 y1@"H/nYJ  
3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24  3L 1lq .  
3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 @F""wKnV  
3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1CF7  
3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ZI#SYEF6  
3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 C%x(`S^/  
3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33  6Dr$*9  
3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 _js2^<7v}  
3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 K8Kz  
3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 (&N$W&  
3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42  d'**wh,  
3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 .@x"JI> ;  
3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2vW,.]95M  
3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 BIb{<tG^N  
3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 nU">> 1!U  
3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 he#Tr'j  
4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 ~' PS|  
4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 CwCo"%E8}  
4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5sf fDEU]A  
4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 ]aL  [  
4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 e\|E; l  
4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 eBLHT  
4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 ]UpHD.Of[t  
4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 YA8yMh*4D?  
4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.+$v4  
4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 J^<j=a|D  
4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 *}Ae9  
4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 =t>`< T|(  
4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 .J7-4  
4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 $F /p8AraK  
4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 SqT"/e]b'  
4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height .+ yJh  
Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Z?G 3d(YT  
4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 X\^3,k."  
4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \:f}X?:  
4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 \`<s@U  
4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 802]M  
4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of *FG4!~<e  
Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9iN!hy[  
4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 4HYH\ey  
4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 jAQ)3ON<  
4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 1J!tcj1(  
4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 [wpt[zG  
4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 zs]>XO~Jg  
4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 zqE8PbU0M;  
4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 =4%WOI  
4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 /[)P^L`  
4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 "~,(Xa3x  
4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 CBgFB-!qpe  
4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 %/,Uk+3p  
4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5x L,~"  
4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 f"}14V  
5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 J~ gkGso  
5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 m`4j|5  
5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 u BW  
5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Vm5P@RU$w;  
5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 *IfIRR>3l(  
5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 ]a@v)aa-  
5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 t+Tg@~K2[>  
5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 #$ raUNr  
5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 @5nkI$>3z  
5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 "9Fv!*<-W  
5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 $AJy^`E^  
5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ? wiq 3f6  
5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 \=: g$_l  
5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 0O 9 Lg}  
5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 hE3jb.s(>  
5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 1oVDOo  
5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 ki/Lf4  
6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 N`mC_)  
6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 b|pNc'u:Cn  
6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 &cv /q$W4  
6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 V:$ 1o  
6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 _\V{X}ftqa  
6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 orN2(:Ct7  
6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 5D@Q1   
6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 SEn8t"n  
6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6b 5{  
6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 KQy\l+\gM  
6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 mwiPvwHrg  
6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 0~I) /T  
6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ;]ZHD$g  
6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 peP:5WB  
6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Boz_*l|  
6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 u=N;P  
6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 6Yi,%#  
6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 sg~/RSJ3  
6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 wB 0WR  
6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 P6Ol+SI#m  
6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 H H7 gT  
6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 y"n~ET}e7  
6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 f#JF5>o  
7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 7PPsEU:rf  
7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 S%%qn  
7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 W;j)ux7jMY  
7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 U%6lYna{M#  
7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 RB 0j!H:  
7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 (>% Vj  
7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 p5 PON0dS  
7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Ki 6BPi^  
7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 A^jm<~  
7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 +mel0ZStS  
7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234  )"Yah  
7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 D.JVEKLkU  
7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 H0:6zSsc=|  
8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 2/NWWoKw  
8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 gnK!"!nL  
8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 v*p)"J *  
8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 ;5S7_p2]j  
8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 +2enz!z#k  
8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 G&B}jj  
8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 R3 =E?us!  
8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 @MVZy  
8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 $B N+SD!  
8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 `o-<,  
8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 }|,\ ?7,  
8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 =njj.<BO  
8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 B}bNl 7 ~  
8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 ]nGA1S{  
8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 VZl0)YLK  
8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 7"U,N;y  
A Linear Transformations 263 KV(W|~+rM  
B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 B_1u<00kg  
C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 un%"s:  
C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 ,l"2MXD  
C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 ) FsSXnZL  
C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 ^@cX0_  
D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 *)sz]g|d  
D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 f;6d/?=~  
D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 *m/u3.\  
E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 R9HS%O6b6  
E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 TuR?r`P%  
E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 >sY+Y22U  
E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288  X0L{#U  
F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 qWK7K%-$ E  
Bibliography 291 ZSf+5{2m  
Index 299
measure123 2016-06-21 11:26
感谢分享，好书
mang2004 2016-06-25 10:51
经典，谢谢。
herrok 2016-06-25 23:16
谢谢楼主！
mumapiaoyun 2016-07-05 21:29
好高深，了解学习下
光强 2016-07-06 23:32
Speckle Phenomena
东西南北 2016-09-17 20:59
学习来了  谢谢
alvin1989 2016-11-24 02:38
好书啊， 最近在做multimodefiber的实验，觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
bairuizheng 2016-11-24 03:03
谢谢。 bsDUFXH]  
hesi 2017-03-18 17:30
很清楚，谢谢！
bincao 2017-07-28 15:36
好书，谢谢
bmw0501 2017-08-02 09:58
好东西，谢谢 n\,W:G9AR7  
starnoy 2017-08-30 10:05
不错，好东西啊
sniper_2008 2018-07-18 19:08
谢谢分享资料！
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢分享。
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢，感谢
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
谢谢，楼主
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
内容可以。
hesi 2018-12-30 11:44
谢谢楼主！现在能找到的英文电子版跟最终出版的的好像都差第八章。英文电子版的第八章在出版时是第九章，参见中译本
tebsix 2018-12-30 15:12
好高深，了解学习下
k0184990 2019-02-20 01:54
感谢分享，好书
cgl155410 2019-02-20 08:55
感谢分享，好书
icecool258 2019-03-18 12:36
学习学习
arq2008 2021-12-01 17:56
谢谢楼主！
kendall 2022-04-03 09:24
优秀book，支持
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