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cyqdesign 2016-06-21 11:24

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications 8:(e~? f6  
n<>/X_m  
Joseph W. Goodman O0#9D'{  
3P2L phW  
Contents ~C2[5r{So  
1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 0(dXU\Y  
1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ni 5Su  
1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ^c]lEo  
1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lv?e[GA  
2 Random Phasor Sums 7 {VrjDj+Xy  
2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 #AUz.WHD  
2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 at `\7YfQp  
2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 wNm~H  
2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 QZ51}i  
2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 0?nm`9v6  
2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 %phv<AW  
3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 LK[%}2me  
3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 A `n:q;my  
3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 zmMz6\ $  
3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 )D q/fW  
3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 YV0K&d  
3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Fps.Fhm  
3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ?rn#S8nNx<  
3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 -=D6[DjU<  
3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \;s mH;m  
3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 +b]+5!  
3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7&z`N^dz{  
3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6- @n$5W0  
3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 7EAkY`Op  
3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 mT2Fn8yC1  
3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 W=T}hA#`  
3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 lx&ME#~  
3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 UE9r1g`z  
4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 &ii3Vlyzg  
4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 yr /p3ys  
4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 ES#K'Lf  
4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 sy|{}NkA!  
4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 D'823,-).  
4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 c|'hs   
4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 pPdOw K#  
4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 #Mz N7  
4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 OW12m{  
4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 85fBKpEe  
4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 v&EHp{8Qd  
4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 @:s|X  
4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 u&>o1!c*P  
4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Rz!E=1Y$  
4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 MyOdWD&7  
4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height X192Lar  
Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 IRZ?'Im  
4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 J8x>vC  
4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 sGCV um}  
4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 ~ 0x9`~  
4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 ;Vad| -  
4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of &OiJJl[9  
Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 e FPDW;  
4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 K/y#hP  
4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 #n'tpp~O  
4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 {qm(Z+wcmb  
4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 ^L;`F  
4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 hNV" {V3`{  
4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 j!;?=s  
4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 bYEq`kjzc  
4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 u=I>DEe@ c  
4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 dOFxzk,g&R  
4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 m.MOn3n]  
4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 V$wf;v0d(  
4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 mb*L'y2r  
4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 RkN a;j)t  
5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 <8Qa"<4f;  
5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 |/g\N, ]  
5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 TZq']Z)#  
5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 _wg6}3  
5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 eA>O<Z1>  
5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 $H/3t?6h`  
5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Rp)82- .  
5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 bf `4GD(  
5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 b0i]T?#  
5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 w*ig[{ I  
5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 'Z-jj2t}  
5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 h]<Ld9  
5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 EeKEw Sg  
5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 "6n~, $  
5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 aF$HF;-y  
5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 GP uAIoBo  
5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 ;""V s6  
6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 W:P4XwR{  
6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 #5T+P8  
6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 ,k/*f+t  
6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 EpeTfD  
6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 JLRw`V,o7  
6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 "}|n;:r  
6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 gQ*0Mk  
6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 pHY~_^B4&  
6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7vV3"uns  
6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Y*0%l q({H  
6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 >(u=/pp=:  
6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 W\zg#5fmK  
6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 GLL,  
6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 QdG_zK>|e  
6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 K!k,]90Ko  
6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 }}Eko7'^  
6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 y1/$dn  
6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 6d,jR[JP  
6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 gmWRw{nS+  
6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 &`<j!xlG  
6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Y ,B0=}  
6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 ycRy! 0l  
6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 by& #g  
7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 GLt#]I"LY  
7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 9>qR6k ?  
7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 3t(nV4uDF  
7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 cgm]{[f  
7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211  OR4!73[I  
7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Uw5z]Jck  
7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 I* \o  
7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 _;{n+i[  
7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 s*:J=+D]G  
7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 x9~d_>'A  
7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 v-X1if1%  
7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Ip( IGR"  
7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 2Q)"~3  
8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 91r#lDR  
8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 t*82^KDU  
8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 LqPn$rZ|$  
8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 93[c^sc9*a  
8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 MMD4b}p  
8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 E:(flW=  
8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 \QstcsEt  
8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 uOEy}&fH  
8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 2md1GWyP  
8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 1-1x,U7w  
8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 & p"ks8"  
8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 2r"-X  
8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 sbrU;X_S  
8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257  Jt.dR6,  
8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Lcf =)GL  
8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 $985q@pV0  
A Linear Transformations 263 s$:F^sxb  
B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 ioIUIp+B~u  
C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 ^LE`Y>&m  
C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 ( N~[sf?&  
C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 d90B15]gv  
C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 YL=?Nk/  
D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 jnYFA[Ab  
D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 &p^ S6h  
D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 LXG,IG  
E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 _+S`[:;a  
E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 vX]\Jqy  
E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 .%h.b6^  
E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 D:U:( pg  
F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 G?{BVWtl}  
Bibliography 291 gXZ.je)NM  
Index 299
measure123 2016-06-21 11:26
感谢分享，好书
mang2004 2016-06-25 10:51
经典，谢谢。
herrok 2016-06-25 23:16
谢谢楼主！
mumapiaoyun 2016-07-05 21:29
好高深，了解学习下
光强 2016-07-06 23:32
Speckle Phenomena
东西南北 2016-09-17 20:59
学习来了  谢谢
alvin1989 2016-11-24 02:38
好书啊， 最近在做multimodefiber的实验，觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
bairuizheng 2016-11-24 03:03
谢谢。 #Sr_PEo _  
hesi 2017-03-18 17:30
很清楚，谢谢！
bincao 2017-07-28 15:36
好书，谢谢
bmw0501 2017-08-02 09:58
好东西，谢谢 8C#R  
starnoy 2017-08-30 10:05
不错，好东西啊
sniper_2008 2018-07-18 19:08
谢谢分享资料！
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢分享。
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢，感谢
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
谢谢，楼主
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
内容可以。
hesi 2018-12-30 11:44
谢谢楼主！现在能找到的英文电子版跟最终出版的的好像都差第八章。英文电子版的第八章在出版时是第九章，参见中译本
tebsix 2018-12-30 15:12
好高深，了解学习下
k0184990 2019-02-20 01:54
感谢分享，好书
cgl155410 2019-02-20 08:55
感谢分享，好书
icecool258 2019-03-18 12:36
学习学习
arq2008 2021-12-01 17:56
谢谢楼主！
kendall 2022-04-03 09:24
优秀book，支持
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