Arizona眼睛模型

g wk\[I`;   人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备，光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型：Arizona眼睛模型，在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述：《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源，并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 iS{)Tll}&   :]x)lP(3E   模型 REa%kU   Z"P{/~HG   模型的定义如表1种所示，由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度（A）来决定。 7+ c?eH   Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 nC z[#t   {T$;BoR#O   在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的，光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. Cnc77EUD   z*FlZLHY   光源 4>(?R[:p)   "?]5"lNC|   多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 a].Bn#AH!C   !0cfz5t   图1. 光源和提示信息使用 S_^ "$j   9,,1\0-T*   除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处，并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建，规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射，而不是在光瞳处入射。 %o~zsIl   c 45Mv_   在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度，使其为4（250mm），光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 _ TUw 0:&   图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 aPWFb.JO4   mv5!fp_*7   图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 U5Rzfm4   )p&xpB(   视网膜的散射 D0uf=BbS   ,u$$w   在散射文件中，有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射，它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射，改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 r,F'Jd5   L/V3sSt   图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 7%JXVP}A   DD;PmIW   注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义，在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳，半角度10度。 ZgN*m\l   B^eea[   图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 X]`\NNx   u6I# D _   脚本 vhT9#) HI   rsrv1A=t?   内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框，如下图所示： 5o&L|7]   图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 `,TPd ~#~   图7. 用户对话框编辑器 $U!w#|&   Yh"R#   如果“OK”按钮按下，将会核对对话框下面的代码行，如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量，如果此处是保留为空白，则使用默认值。因此，如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮，则脚本是以屈光度为0，光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 Ey)ox$   余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 w:pc5N>we0   l46O=?usDX   分析 T_pE'U%[   G$ipWi   屈光度为4，光瞳直径为4mm，字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 ; <3w ,r   图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 KPKby?qQ^   WC}mt%H*O   脚本代码 (I u5QLE   @Yy =HV   Option Explicit     'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. 7v1}8Uk   b@nbXm]Z   Dim entity As T_ENTITY ?jy^ WF`   Dim op As T_OPERATION l~!#<=.   Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL 0!xD +IA!8   Dim A As Double ~d28"p.7   Dim pupilDiam As Double V5R``Tp   Dim eID As Long D,]m7yFT   Dim parID As Long QiY7m<3   Dim count As Integer aNfgSo05@n   Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double 0p![&O   Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double M=@U]1n*c   Dim curv As Double, conic As Double ^k~{6S,   Dim ok As Long T7&itgEYG/   ?DM-C5$   Sub Main :N(L7&<   &:w{[H$-       '用户输入对话框 (,HAOs       Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 ("wPkm^           TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 jUdW o}/           Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 CfA F.H           OKButton 40,91,90,21 I5PaY.i           CancelButton 190,91,90,21 ;v#~o*           Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 'Zk&AD ~           TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 /9W-;l{=z       End Dialog d 7P| x       Dim dlg As UserDialog Yr!<O&=   o"K{^ L~u       ok = Dialog (dlg) Kq{9:G   @^/JNtbH!       If ok=0 Then    'cancel button was pressed yP~D."           Print "Execution cancelled." {U7j           End IB(5 &u.       End If u]CW5snz   QfRt3\^`       'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty *T*MLD]Q       If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then >e"1a/2%>&           A = 0           'Default accommodation \/lH]u\x       Else {H"xC~.           A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) L<5go\!bV       End If F71.%p7C8"   c7'I'~       If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then ln#Lx&r;|           pupilDiam = 4   'Default pupil diameter MhHygZT[}       Else Z6 (;~"Em           pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) MZ6?s(mkx       End If EVrOu""   |Ax~zk;       Print " " T<?JL.8g_       Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" !dSt l:B       Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" !Vv$   !&ac}uD^g       ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation EivZI<<a       taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A              'Aqueous thickness {>>f5o3   5k<qJ9       Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A                     'Radius of anterior lens ^~8l|d_       CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A          'Conic constant of anterior lens @R(6w{h9   \} P}H       Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A               'Radius of posterior lens ``K.4sG       CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A         'Conic constant of posterior lens dy#dug6j   xsV(xk4       tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A                  'Lens thickness &3'II:x(   bY&s$Ry3"       nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2  'Lens index of refraction mf^(Tq[   mS0*%[S {       'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation KKl8tI\u~   J*A<F'^F1       '************************************************************************* @ 4j#X       'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) iVREkZ2SC       '************************************************************************* }"2 0:       eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) >& \QLo[5       GetCustomElement eID, entity `4gm'C   ;:a7rN"(       parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) r8}GiP0|   }I9\=jT       ' Delete any shift(s) in z ^t?P32GJ       count = 0 tAPqbi$a       While GetOperationCount(eID)>count a$l/N{<.           GetOperation eID, count, op "#qyX[\           If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then hd8:|_               DeleteOperation eID,count Cj31'               count=count-1 -_4U+Cfmtl           End If {xMY2I++           count=count+1 hF.9\X]       Wend Ti=~ycwi   KaZ$!JfT       'Set new shift in th2a'y=0       op.Type = "ShiftZ" #xNLr       op.val1 = taq Wx;:_F7'\       op.parent = parID C3:4V2<_       AddOperation eID, op .UU BAyjm       Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 &w- QMjM>   &zynfj# o       '************************************************************************* @c9VCG D       'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens (B}+uI{       '************************************************************************* (sq4       eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) CZS{^6Ye       GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic l+*^P'0u   w q% 4'(       SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant fj[B,ua       Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant 2n2{Oy>L    Sdy\s5       '************************************************************************* NgaX&m`       'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens pkWzaf       '************************************************************************* `Jq ?+W       eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) -y1%c^36_J       GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic a<B[~J4i   l23_K7       SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost +FP*RNM       Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost k+f!)7_   #Wey)DI       '************************************************************************* 7q<I7Wt       'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) }:5AB93(       '************************************************************************* FYFP6ti   !=;^Grv>       parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 4=9To|U*   ):       ' Delete any z-shift(s) U+3,(O       count = 0 <]r.wn=}M       While GetOperationCount(eID)>count R%Gh4y\nF           GetOperation eID, count, op :[3{-.c           If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then TPZZln'3                DeleteOperation eID,count 5P9hm[               count=count-1 Xm8 1axyf           End If N 3i,_           count=count+1 OW<i"?0       Wend {'4h.PB+r   0K <@?cI       'Set new z-shift RY2`v pv       op.Type = "ShiftZ" g4cmYg3       op.val1 = tlens 'j6PL;~c       op.parent = parID ~@S5*(&8       AddOperation eID, op f^@`[MJj1C       Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens O,>1GKw"\   I2hX;pk,       '************************************************************************* (Hb i+IHV       'Lens index of refraction W'hE,       '************************************************************************* /-TJtR4>       eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) M:z)uLDw       GetModelMaterial eID, mat 9JV(}v5[   X3vTyIsn       mat.Nd = nlens /-Y*V*E       SetModelMaterial eID, mat /Y_F" GQ       Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens ,'?%z>RZm   3/+9#       '************************************************************************* n*(Vf'k       'Pupil diameter {y0#(8-&       '************************************************************************* Mt(wy%{zK       eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) ^B8%Re%   /.l8Jb4       'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) xWWfts1t   O?/\hZ"&c       SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" c+c3C8s*8   -(V]knIF       ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens -} \g[|       parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 6*u#^">,<       eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) r e.chQ6       count = 0 Dk sSD       While GetOperationCount(eID)>count _IBIx\F           GetOperation eID, count, op 6"U&i9           If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then TkXD#%nFY               DeleteOperation eID,count lp3 A B               count=count-1 R h zf.kp           End If 'yxRz5           count=count+1 H6X]D"Y,       Wend I9O!CQCTt       op.Type = "ShiftZ" VRurn>y0       op.val1 = taq-0.01 FZ'|z8Dm       op.parent = parID (NK $2A/p       AddOperation eID, op +a_eNl,   F#>?i}       Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam 0(\ybppx   g N76       'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description k_?xiOSh       eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) ;S5*n:d       GetEntity eID, entity j3jf:7 /\       entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" :=WiT_M       SetEntity eID, entity E:/G!1   ImO \X`{       Update [<`K%1GQ       Print "DONE!" H~UxVQLPp        {)nm {IV,   End Sub HTiqErD2_   Q/&H3N   如果屈光度是4，光瞳直径是4，则会输出如下数据： Y^$^B,   HEHTj,T   Accommodation = 4 Diopters yo]!Zn   Pupil Diameter = 4 mm m"*j J.MX   Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 -02cI}e   Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 yk OJhd3   Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 m`CcU`s   Set lens thickness = 3.927 +InAK>NZ'   Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 GADbXp3   Set pupil diameter = 4 p.^glz>B   DONE!

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