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infotek 2022-02-25 09:52

Arizona眼睛模型

简介 7H{1i  
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人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 0;">ETh=  
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模型 RO/(Ldh  
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模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 bo\Ah/.  
Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义
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在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. g@4~,  
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光源 2sk7E'2(  
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多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 _u$DcA8B  
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图1. 光源和提示信息使用
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除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。  .nrbd#i-  
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在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 iO?^y(phC  
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图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 ,&S0/j  
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图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图
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视网膜的散射 *P`wuXn}  
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在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 l:UKU!  
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图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定
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注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 S!=R\_{u$  
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图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定
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脚本 r1<*=Fs=>>  
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内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: `Tyd1!~  
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图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑
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图7. 用户对话框编辑器
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如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 q 9xA.*  
余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 <%uEWb)  
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分析 [5p9p1@u{C  
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屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 <zn)f@W  
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图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析
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脚本代码 zM&ro,W  
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  1. Option Explicit     'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. v8yCf7+"  
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    Dim entity As T_ENTITY k"DZ"JC  
    Dim op As T_OPERATION #9]2Uixq[  
    Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL =&UE67eK,  
    Dim A As Double &>+T*-'  
    Dim pupilDiam As Double [=jZP,b&),  
    Dim eID As Long ~//9Nz~;3  
    Dim parID As Long 0:[A4S`X  
    Dim count As Integer -kLBq :M  
    Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double -%fj-Y7y  
    Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double Bj \ x  
    Dim curv As Double, conic As Double d>)=|  
    Dim ok As Long ff.k1%wr^  
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    Sub Main !vu-`u~86  
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        '用户输入对话框 B;=Z^$%T  
        Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 ig.Z,R3@r  
            TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 :3Q:pKg  
            Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 vkGF_aenk  
            OKButton 40,91,90,21 Ep./->fOA  
            CancelButton 190,91,90,21 EEZ~Bs}d  
            Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 r7R'beiH  
            TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 4_QfM}Fyp  
        End Dialog /fT"WaTEK  
        Dim dlg As UserDialog !% W5@tN  
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        ok = Dialog (dlg) iU 6,B  
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        If ok=0 Then    'cancel button was pressed X+A@//,7  
            Print "Execution cancelled." Y3[KS;_fr9  
            End UwS7B~  
        End If +0%r@hTv&>  
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        'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty '1 2*'Q+{+  
        If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then Het"x  
            A = 0           'Default accommodation >fP;H}S6  
        Else I[K4/91  
            A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) M 1 m]1<  
        End If [#@lsI  
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        If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then w>X@ ,  
            pupilDiam = 4   'Default pupil diameter xOShO"4Z   
        Else eJ45:]_%I@  
            pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) sNpA!!\PM  
        End If a~LA&>@  
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        Print " " nm<VcCc  
        Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" iLBORT !;  
        Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" FvVC 2Z  
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        ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation [Y*>x2X  
        taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A              'Aqueous thickness Ve"(}z  
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        Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A                     'Radius of anterior lens ZPE-  
        CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A          'Conic constant of anterior lens .E^w, o  
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        Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A               'Radius of posterior lens $[`rY D/.  
        CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A         'Conic constant of posterior lens -DHzBq=H  
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        tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A                  'Lens thickness b3>zdS]Q  
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        nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2  'Lens index of refraction Z|*#)<| ~  
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        'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation )s:kQ~+  
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        '************************************************************************* .+XK>jl +  
        'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) ? Pi|`W   
        '************************************************************************* '/UT0{2;rS  
        eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 1-^D2B[-  
        GetCustomElement eID, entity K!9K^h  
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        parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) B6&[_cht  
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        ' Delete any shift(s) in z #'KM$l,P  
        count = 0 |(W wh$  
        While GetOperationCount(eID)>count $#n9C79Z@  
            GetOperation eID, count, op %E@o8  
            If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then XYP RMa?  
                DeleteOperation eID,count n6Uh%rO7S|  
                count=count-1 3YLfh`6  
            End If &uE )Vr4R  
            count=count+1 Dx /w&v  
        Wend 4rL`||  
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        'Set new shift in 3 xW:"  
        op.Type = "ShiftZ" QChWy`x  
        op.val1 = taq /2T  W?a  
        op.parent = parID W^^0Rh_  
        AddOperation eID, op S[9b I&C  
        Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 v7@"9Uw}  
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        '************************************************************************* [g@qZ5I.  
        'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens -:d{x#  
        '************************************************************************* ec#`9w$  
        eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) SbX^DAlB1  
        GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic Xlug{ Uh  
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        SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant mIG>`7`7N  
        Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant ul N1z  
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        '************************************************************************* Q?j '4  
        'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens y~]D402Cx  
        '************************************************************************* "Y^Fn,c  
        eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) \ CcVk"/  
        GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic d!<>Fh^6,  
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        SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost [V?HK_~  
        Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost r%=a:GdAg  
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        '************************************************************************* ] g9SUFM  
        'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) "&D0Sd@[?  
        '************************************************************************* l<=k#d  
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        parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) }vB{6E+h/w  
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        ' Delete any z-shift(s) fl4@5AVY  
        count = 0 (L4C1h_]9  
        While GetOperationCount(eID)>count -ys/I,}<  
            GetOperation eID, count, op pK{G2]OK{U  
            If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 0hkYexX73  
                DeleteOperation eID,count KMb'm+  
                count=count-1 hA/Es?U]  
            End If h){#dU+&  
            count=count+1 MTE 1\,  
        Wend d/oD]aAEr  
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        'Set new z-shift E 8W*^^z(  
        op.Type = "ShiftZ" py~[M'p(H  
        op.val1 = tlens kd&~_=Q  
        op.parent = parID t`}=~/#`X  
        AddOperation eID, op OBlQ   
        Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens 2|exY>`w  
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        '************************************************************************* \[]BB5)8  
        'Lens index of refraction ;H%'K  
        '************************************************************************* 9(=+OQ6  
        eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) lv.h?"Ml  
        GetModelMaterial eID, mat i/8OC  
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        mat.Nd = nlens H<^3H  
        SetModelMaterial eID, mat AxJqLSfyb,  
        Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens 8EiS\$O-  
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        '************************************************************************* ;gJAxVD<  
        'Pupil diameter c2GTN"  
        '************************************************************************* tQxAZ0B^  
        eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) SJ8 ~:"\P  
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        'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) @Py'SH!-  
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        SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" }{J>kgr6  
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        ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens Bq4@I_b  
        parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) E'+z.~+  
        eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) )WEOqaR]  
        count = 0 :[_k .1-+  
        While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ==KDr 0|G  
            GetOperation eID, count, op NQ '|M  
            If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then /^~)iTwH  
                DeleteOperation eID,count )h(=X&(d  
                count=count-1 vls+E o]  
            End If !YM:?%B  
            count=count+1 iy8Ln,4z(  
        Wend *gwo.s  
        op.Type = "ShiftZ" &u2m6 r>W  
        op.val1 = taq-0.01 '|%\QWuZ  
        op.parent = parID @Ko}Td&E(  
        AddOperation eID, op aNICSxDN  
    @%MGLR{pH  
        Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam .q 4FGPWz  
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        'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description T%PUV \LV  
        eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) ncR]@8  
        GetEntity eID, entity /I`-  
        entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" >#;>6q9_  
        SetEntity eID, entity RbA.&=3  
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        Update y?*Y=,"  
        Print "DONE!" )5diX + k  
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    End Sub N40DL_-  
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    如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: QcdAg%"yy  
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    Accommodation = 4 Diopters #("E) P  
    Pupil Diameter = 4 mm N71%l  
    Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 S; !7 /z  
    Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 I<&) P#"  
    Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 YO.+ 06X  
    Set lens thickness = 3.927 kKVNE h Tp  
    Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 7*Gg#XQ>(  
    Set pupil diameter = 4 -zm-|6[Wi  
    DONE!
silence唯爱 2022-02-25 13:53
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