Arizona眼睛模型
简介 .vIRz-S R!\._m?\h 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 _W,?_"[R= _g D9oK 模型 CPY|rV yFDt%&*n^ 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 ]n'.}"8Kn Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 [attachment=111140] l Dwq[ I]w x[BA <UNO 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. >>;He7 .#K\u![@N 光源 N
;n55N .Rb1%1bdc 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 G[fg!vig#7 41rS0QAM [attachment=111141] 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 ~X'hRNFx~ (9] =;) 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 /nt%VLms% @)z?i 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 /R(
.7 N [attachment=111142] 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 w2`JFxQ^x _?bF;R [attachment=111143] 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 {t:*Xu X&@>M} 视网膜的散射 )sK_k
U{\ B7%m7GM 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 /CbM-jf iRv\:.aQ. [attachment=111144] 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 v|jwz.jM u2U+uD@yA 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 JxRn)D 1vqc8lC [attachment=111145] 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 =;?Maexp3$ 6HpiG` 脚本 cz$*6P<9J q _:7uQ 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: _gCi@uXS3 [attachment=111146] 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 e4.G9( [attachment=111147] 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 >bO}sx1? 5<oV>|*@{ 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 )Oj{x0{\Q 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 'm/`= QX _sCzee&uQ 分析 1ZWr@,\L }\W^$e- 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 P4s,N|bs` [attachment=111148] 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 >[P`$XkXd4 DM(c :+K- 脚本代码 r#6djs1 sB'~=1m^
- Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. cNl$
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8J2UUVA`1 Dim entity As T_ENTITY y"w`yl{_ Dim op As T_OPERATION
'^,|8A2 Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL -TNb=2en( Dim A As Double =~k#<q1^ Dim pupilDiam As Double l<s6Uu" Dim eID As Long KFM)*Icg\8 Dim parID As Long j3/K;U/SGJ Dim count As Integer Qf}}/k|)k Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double g6.Tx]?b$ Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double nYnv.5 Dim curv As Double, conic As Double zf[KZ\6H Dim ok As Long m=^ihQ *1U"uJno Sub Main *k;%H'2g{} 1@^*tffL: '用户输入对话框 YH0utc Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 Tpp?(lT7r TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 Mqmy*m[U Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 'L
veCi_ OKButton 40,91,90,21 9XN/ wp CancelButton 190,91,90,21 \U HI%1^ Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 QG;V\2T2[ TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 5oOFl End Dialog c7 O$< F Dim dlg As UserDialog |6Qn/N$+f a]?o"{{+ ok = Dialog (dlg) qW9~S0sl KhNOxMZ If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed 7)l+hZ Print "Execution cancelled." >s>{+6e End 2U'Vq End If 5uL!Ae j55OG~) 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty *|3G"B{w6 If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then GFYHt!&[\ A = 0 'Default accommodation U^9#uK6GM Else h`V#)Q A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) I?Q[ZH:M End If e!1am%aE &h;J_Ps If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then 70T{tB pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter k '-5&Q Else m4'x>Z pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) }x?2 txuu End If .=/TT|eMS pLsWy&G Print " " [Qn$i/`J Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" Ydh+iLjhx Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" ECLQqjB Tu}?Q.pKo ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation 3KN})*1 taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness vQ1#Zgy sx@%3j Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens p JM&R<i: CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens !)LVZfQ0 'zfj`aqc Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens a>BPK"K2 CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens 0yBiio ;Zw? tU tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness @wx #;F*rJ[XY nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction ZoT8 Ks\\2$Cm7 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation TX$4x~: 2~)r,., '************************************************************************* >\ x!a:} 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) Xx
e07J~ '************************************************************************* R9)"%SO<y eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) m53~Ysq< GetCustomElement eID, entity zF#:Uc`C5U X.J$
5b parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 0{!+N6MiR BFn4H%1 ' Delete any shift(s) in z .[C@p`DZ count = 0 y5`$Aa4~ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count )5/,B-+O" GetOperation eID, count, op ,HtXD~N If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then xpB*>zb DeleteOperation eID,count 4s7&*dJ count=count-1 7~m[:Eg6[s End If tu5T^"BqO count=count+1 {P!1VYs5 Wend
u E<1PgW !]t5(g_ 'Set new shift in c,FZ{O@ op.Type = "ShiftZ" V[ 'lB.&t op.val1 = taq Y [%<s/ op.parent = parID =a!_H=+4 AddOperation eID, op nIf~ds&TT Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 w>TTu:
7 H_d^Xk QZ '************************************************************************* 9|qzFmE# 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens B2l5}"{` '************************************************************************* }}gtz-w eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) hK 1 H'~c GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic HJt@m
&H| x<\5Jrqt SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant [K""6D Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant vX<^x2~9( F-%Hw '************************************************************************* Y4{/P1F 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens <N,:w`g# '************************************************************************* +D
d! eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) HJjx!7h GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic c)4L3W-x= IH3Nkpsg SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost H_FT%`iM Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost $nr=4'yZ 8'#L+$O &N '************************************************************************* <7_s'UAL! 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) ~'w]%rh! '************************************************************************* KtD
XB> qijQRxS parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) #MUY! @wcrtf~{)& ' Delete any z-shift(s) Nj=0bg"Qg5 count = 0 U<I]_] While GetOperationCount(eID)>count W:JR\KKU GetOperation eID, count, op !nL>Ly If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 1'f& DeleteOperation eID,count Q PrP3DK count=count-1 TGHyBPJb End If W<>R;~) count=count+1 2B b,ZC* Wend A$70!5* jbWgL$ 'Set new z-shift ~-
eB op.Type = "ShiftZ" %\T#Ik~3 op.val1 = tlens OM?FpRVU8 op.parent = parID ko~D;M: AddOperation eID, op /<1zzeHRSD Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens _o? I=UN2: fLZ mQO '************************************************************************* xM=?ES 'Lens index of refraction ,0f^>3&n>e '************************************************************************* h?p!uQ eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) !GnwE GetModelMaterial eID, mat r6vI6|1 z&yVU<;
mat.Nd = nlens ?-JW2 E"uT SetModelMaterial eID, mat Qt>Bvu Q Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens ;:/C.%d
-?w3j9kk> '************************************************************************* y+h/jEbM</ 'Pupil diameter %OOy90b2 '************************************************************************* T%4yPmY eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) 5E^P2Mlc O Ke
9/._ 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) X@za4d C5Mpm)-% SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" 49=
K]X N?IdaVLj ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens YmD~&J parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) ySHpN>U eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) Zn:]?%afdO count = 0 e5(c,,/ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count .|@2Uf GetOperation eID, count, op @H}{?-XyA If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then }U?:al/m DeleteOperation eID,count Wr`<bLq1vs count=count-1 NjKC{L5S: End If F`>qg2wO count=count+1 9M-W 1prb Wend 0-p
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op.Type = "ShiftZ" q8MyEoc:n op.val1 = taq-0.01 `>=@Kc op.parent = parID r,q.RWuII AddOperation eID, op #vc!SI H(kxRPH4@] Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam lQxEiDIL &5*t*tI 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description >7z(?nQYT^ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) }\1V%c GetEntity eID, entity nfh<3v|kvR entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" N{<5)L~Y SetEntity eID, entity $."Fz
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-]'@*c Update AoY!f'Z Print "DONE!" }!"Cvu Oj8D+sC{ End Sub (:R5"|]@<x 8!
/ue.T 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: #mD_<@@ +0%Y.O/{ Accommodation = 4 Diopters 7Kpv fyL{ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm %S^:5#9 Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 qDgy7kkQ Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 T8^l}Y
B Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 [E/. r{S Set lens thickness = 3.927 ?v`24p3PC Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 kx;7/fH Set pupil diameter = 4 1GPBqF DONE!
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